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Animal Reproduction

Explore the intricate process of animal reproduction, from male and female anatomy to artificial insemination techniques, in this educational presentation. Learn about heat cycles, gestation periods, and reproductive terminology.

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Animal Reproduction

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  1. Animal Reproduction Extension beyond the Textbook Original Power Point Created by Casey Osksa Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office June 2002

  2. Conditions for Fertilization • Anatomy of Male & Female must be compatible • Female must be in Heat • Egg must be mature

  3. What is the function of the Male? • produce large numbers of live sex cells (spermatozoa) • contribute 1/2 chromosomes

  4. What are the Male Reproductive Organs? • Testicles - produce spermatozoa & male hormone Testosterone • Scrotom - sack which carries testicles • functions as a heat regulator • Monorchid - one fertile testicle • Cryptorchid - both testes remain in body cavity (sterile) • Castration - removal of testicles • lack sex drive • gain weight quicker

  5. What are the Male Reproductive Organs? • Epididymis - tube connects to testes • storage of spermatozoa (200 billion at a time) • spermatozoa mature as they migrate through • Vas Deferens - tube connects to epididymus • if removed, can't reproduce = vasectomy

  6. What are the Male Reproductive Organs? • Urethra - begins at bladder and continues through penis • Sigmoid Flexure - "S" shape in urethra allows for extension of penis outside of body for reproduction

  7. Accessory Sex Glands • prostate • two seminal vesicles • two cowpers glands

  8. What is the function of the Accessory Sex Glands? • provide medium for transporting sperm • adds volume • provides nutrients • cleans & flushes urinary tract

  9. Artificial Insemination

  10. What is the function of the female? • contribute 1/2 chromosomes • care for young in uterus and after birth until weaning

  11. What are the Female Reproductive Organs? • Vulva - exterior portion of reproductive tract • provides visual signs of heat • Vagina - between vulva & cervix • Cows & Ewes: semen is deposited here • Mares & Sows: semen is deposited in the cervix

  12. What are the Female Reproductive Organs? • Cervix - "Mouth of the womb" • opening into uterus • at birth cervix stretches to allowbaby to pass (most painful part) • during pregnancy cervix becomes blocked with a mucous plug to prevent infection

  13. What are the Female Reproductive Organs? • Uterine Horns - two branches of uterus • Fallopian Tube - uterine horn becomes a small tube • lined with cilia which aid in egg migration

  14. Ovaries • located at end of fallopian tubes • possesses large number of eggs in all stages of development • this is all the eggs she will ever have, unlike the male • very few eggs reach maturity • if not fertilized, the egg is reabsorbed by the body

  15. Reproduction in Males • After sexual maturity, sperm production is continuous • Testosterone is responsible for: • growth, development & activity of accessory glands • survival of spermatozoa • secondary sex characteristics:male voice, sex drive

  16. Reproduction in Males • Semen - collective term for all fluid ejaculated • sperm and fluid from accessory glands

  17. Reproduction in Females • Farm animals reach sexual maturity at 4 months (sow) to 24 months (mare), then • Female comes in heat (estrus) • Egg released by ovary • Egg travels down tube until fertilized by sperm • Estrogen - female hormone which regulates estrus

  18. What does "in heat" mean? • Heat is the time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding to take place • Heat is actually divided into 4 phases of the cycle.

  19. Estrous Cycle: • Proestrus: ovary is about to release an egg • Estrus: female receptivity • Metestrus: uterus prepares for pregnancy • fertilized egg attaches to uterus • Diestrus: longest period of cycle • inactive • Estrous Cycles stop after conception, and begin soon after Parturition (birth)

  20. Females also show external signs of "Heat" • aggressive behavior • swelling and/or color change of vulva

  21. Beef Terms • A Mature Male is called a: Bull • A Mature Female is called a: Cow • The act of Giving Birth is called: Calving • Gestation = 283 days • A Castrated Male is called a: Steer • An Immature Female is called a: Heifer

  22. What do you call a mature male hog? Boar • What do you call a mature female hog? Sow • What do you call the act of giving birth? Farrowing • What do you call a castrated male hog? Barrow • What do you call an young female hog? Gilt • What is the gestation for hogs? 114 days or 3 months, 3 weeks, & 3 days

  23. Poultry Terms • What do you call a mature male? Rooster • What do you call a mature female? Hen • What do you call a young female? Pullet • What do you call a castrated male? Capon • Chickens Hatch • What is the incubation period? 21 days

  24. What do you call a mature male horse? Stallion • What do you call a mature female horse? Mare • What do you call a castrated male horse? Gelding • What do you call a young horse? foal or colt

  25. What do you call an immature female horse? Filly • What do you call the act of giving birth for horses? Foaling • What is the gestation for a horse? 330 days

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