PREDICTING WEATHER

1. PREDICTING WEATHER INSTRUCTOR: MS. SORN

2. USING YOUR “DO NOW” SHEET – Thursday, 5/18 • QUESTION: How does latitude and air circulation affect climate? • RECALL: Latitude is the distance of a location from the equator. The rotational speed of the earth changes based on latitude. ANSWER: Latitude affects the amount of sunlight a given area receives. The rotation of the earth keeps the wind from blowing straight. Its path becomes curved and it is deflected. This force is called the Coriolis Effect.

3. Key vocab 08- words 9, 10 9. Hemisphere (n) a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator 10. Reservoir (n) a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.

4. HOMEWORK- 5/18 • READING SET – “PREDICTING WEATHER- DO THE TRY NOW

5. LEARNING TARGET • I will able to explain how latitude, terrain, and altitude all play a role in the climate of a given location.

6. PG# PREDICTING WEATHER 5/18/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. What is the difference in the path of deflection between hemispheres? • BIG IDEAS • 1. In the northern hemisphere, wind is deflected to the right. In the southern hemisphere, wind is deflected to the left. It is a result of the earth’s rotation under the force of the Coriolis Effect.

7. PG# PREDICTING WEATHER 5/18/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 2. Describe the flow of air from the equator to the poles. (Involve the hemispheres). • BIG IDEAS • 2. Each hemisphere has three bands of circulating air masses. Each represents 30 degrees latitude. At the equator, warm humid air rises causing low pressure and flows towards the poles.

8. PG# PREDICTING WEATHER 5/18/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 3. What are trade winds? • BIG IDEAS • 3. Blowing at a steady speed, the winds that flow from east to west close to the equator are known as trade winds.

9. USING YOUR “DO NOW” SHEET – FRI (5/19/17) • QUESTION: How might meteorologists use probability? • RECALL: The definition of probability… The role of meteorologists… • The likelihood or chance of something happening (probability). A meteorologist studies weather. ANSWER: Collections of data are plugged into algorithms (a formula for solving a problem) to help predict weather conditions. Meteorologists often report the probability of precipitation, taking into account the likelihood of rain and how much of the area receives rain.

10. LEARNING TARGET • I will plan a scientific investigation of the various factors that affect global ocean surface currents.

11. 5 POINTS- 1 SENTENCE RESPONDING TO PROMPT • Sample Claim: I disagree with Jennifer's claim and believe that points A and B would have different climates due to other influences at work.

12. 5 POINTS – ANALYZES DATA • Sample Evidence: Point A is near the coast and Point B is further inland. Point A is on the windward side of the mountains and Point B is on the leeward side. Both are on the same line of latitude and have winds moving from west to east.

13. Sample Reasoning: The climates of Points A and B are different even though both Points are at the same latitude of about 40o N and have winds blowing from the west to the east. Point A is near the coast and on the windward side of a mountain chain. Both of these factors would cause it to be cooler with moderate temperatures (small variation between high and low temperatures) and have more precipitation than Point B. Moisture from the ocean evaporates into the surrounding air. The wind blows the moisture-filled air from the ocean toward the land. The mountain range acts as a block, directing the moist air upward into the atmosphere, where the air quickly cools. The moisture condenses out of the cooled air, forming clouds and precipitation. Since the airflow is directed upward by the mountains and not eastward, all of the precipitation falls on the side of the mountain closest to the ocean. The cooled moisture-free air flows beyond the mountain toward Point B. Point B is on the leeward side of the mountain; as a result, Point B has a much drier climate than Point A. Point B is inland, which will result in Point B having higher high temperatures and lower low temperatures without the moderating effect of moisture from the ocean.

14. LAB : CURRENTS & CLIMATESStudents WILL compare the average climate data of two landmasses to determine the effect of ocean currents on climate.

15. PRE-INVESTIGATION DISCUSSION • What forms the global ocean surface currents? • Are all currents the same temperature? • Why not? • Does the temperature of a current affect the climate of a landmass? • How could we test your ideas?

16. POST-INVESTIGATION DISCUSSION • When plotted on the world map, what current flows near Bouvet Island? • When plotted on the world map, what current flows near Clifden, Ireland? • How did these currents affect the average temperatures?

19. LAB: CURRENTS & CLIMATES • Step 1: How does an ocean current affect the climate of a landmass?Step 2: The climate affects the people who live in the area. Some climates are influenced by the ocean currents and not just the longitude and latitude of a location.Step 3: There will be no independent or dependent variables in this investigation therefore there is not a control group. Step 4: If the ocean current passing by a landmass is warm, then the climate will be warm and humid with enough rainfall for plant life.

20. LAB: CURRENTS & CLIMATES • STEP 5- REFERENCE SHEET

21. Step 8 -

22. STEP 9 – SAMPLE GRAPH

23. STEP 10 - The landmass with the cold water current has lower average temperatures than the landmass with the warm water current.

24. PREDICTING WEATHER (DAY 3) INSTRUCTOR: MS. SORN

25. USING YOUR “DO NOW” SHEET – MONDAY (5/22/17) • QUESTION: Why might weather predictions fail? • RECALL: The size and scale of weather predictions are muchlarger than for a single event. There are many conditions to take into consideration.All of these conditions interact with each other incomplex ways. ANSWER: Even with lots of data and very good algorithms, however, the number of conditions or factors, the complex way they interact with each other, and the large areas covered make it impossible for meteorologists to say exactly what will happen with 100% certainty.

26. HOMEWORK- 5/22 READING SET: OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE (ONLY READ)

27. COLLECTING HOMEWORK – TRY NOW

28. LEARNING TARGET I will be able to describe the data to be collected and the evidence to be derived from the data that would indicate relationships between air mass movement and changes in weather.

29. By the end of this unit, I should be able to thoroughly explain: • Patterns in weather conditions in a specific area (e.g., temperature, air pressure, humidity, wind speed) over time. • The relationship between the distribution and movement of air masses and landforms, ocean temperatures, and currents. • The relationship between observed, large-scale weather patterns and the location or movement of air masses, including patterns that develop between air masses (e.g., cold fronts may be characterized by thunderstorms).between patterns of activity of air masses and changes in weather conditions.

30. REFLECT: Solar Radiation, Convection Currents, And Wind Currents • Some of the energy is transferred from Earth’s surface to the gases in Earth’s atmosphere through convection. • This rising and sinking of warm and cool air creates convection currents in the atmosphere. • We refer to these convection currents more commonly as wind.

31. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE 5/22/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. What is the difference between a sea breeze and a land breeze? • BIG IDEAS • 1. The wind that blows toward the coast is called a sea breeze. In contrast, during the night, land cools faster than oceans. Therefore, warmer air above oceans rises while cooler air over land sinks. Winds that blow away from the coast is called a land breeze.

32. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE 5/22/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 2. What natural phenomenon incorporates ocean currents and evaporation? • BIG IDEAS • 2. When warm ocean water evaporates very quickly over a widespread area, clouds can form so rapidly that they result in large storms, such as hurricanes.

33. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE 5/22/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 3. Some gases in Earth’s atmosphere block thermal energy from escaping back into space. What are these gases called? • BIG IDEAS • 3. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, and othergases released by burning fossil fuels. Many of these gases are naturally found in theatmosphere.

34. Ocean’s influence on weather and climate (DAY 4) INSTRUCTOR: MS. SORN

35. USING YOUR “DO NOW” SHEET – TUESDAY, 5/23 • QUESTION: Name a greenhouse gas. • RECALL: Some thermal energy from the ocean water released into the atmosphere radiates into space, but some is absorbed by Earth’s greenhouse gases. These gases trap and keep thermal energy within the atmosphere with the result of maintaining a livable temperature. • ANSWER: Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse gases. There is concern that the increase in emissions of carbon dioxide from human industrial development over the past 100 years has resulted in an increase in the amount of energy being held in the atmosphere. Methane is another gas.

36. KEY VOCAB – WORDS algorithm (noun)- a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer. fossil fuels (noun)- a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

37. WINDS ACROSS THE GLOBE… • When the flow pattern of ocean currents experiences a change, it affects the weather in some global regions.

38. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE 5/23/17 • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. What happens during El Niño? • BIG IDEAS • 1. During an El Niño, the winds are weaker and the cooler water does not reach the surface. The effect of El Niño is higher surface temperatures along the equator in the Pacific Ocean.

39. REFLECTING ON THIS WEEK… PREDICTING THE WEATHER & OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE INSTRUCTOR : MS. SORN

40. USING YOUR “DO NOW” SHEET – • QUESTION: What are fossil fuels? • ANSWER:Fuels formed over millions of years from dead plants and animals; coal, oil, and natural gas are fossil fuels

41. KEY VOCAB – WORDS longitude (noun) - The lines running vertically around the Earth. These lines are called meridians, and measure how far east or west an object is. terrain (noun)- a stretch of land, especially with regard to its physical features.

42. LATITUDE VS. LONGITUDE

43. NOW COLLECTING: “CURRENTS & CLIMATES” LAB REPORT

44. LEARNING TARGET • I will be able to identify the relevant components of the weather system, with inputs and outputs, including: • The rotating Earth. • The atmosphere. • The ocean, including the relative rate of thermal energy transfer of water compared to land or air. • Continents and the distribution of landforms on the surface of Earth. • Global distribution of ice. • Distribution of living things. • Energy. • Radiation from the sun as an input. • Thermal energy that exists in the atmosphere, water, land, and ice (as represented by temperature).

45. RECALL - • About 70% of Earth is covered with water and most of the water is located in the oceans. • Water has the property of slowly absorbing thermal energy, storing the energy, and slowly releasing the stored energy. • This property causes the constantly circulating ocean currents to move thermal energy away from the equator and distribute the energy throughout the globe, affecting the weather and climate of Earth.

46. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 1. What accounts for the differences in distribution of solar energy and temperature changes? • BIG IDEAS • 1. Higher latitudes receive less solar energy per unit of area than do lower latitudes, resulting in temperature differences based on latitude. Smaller temperature changes tend to occur in oceans than on land in the same amount of time.

47. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 2. How does ocean water move and interact with air masses? • BIG IDEAS • 2. Fluid matter (i.e., air, water) flows from areas of higher density to areas of lower density (due to temperature or salinity). The density of a fluid can vary for several different reasons (e.g., changes in salinity and temperature of water can each cause changes in density). 

48. PG# OCEAN’S INFLUENCE ON CLIMATE • ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • 3. What factors affect the motion of wind and currents? • BIG IDEAS • 3. The Earth’s rotation causes oceanic and atmospheric flows to curve when viewed from the rotating surface of Earth (Coriolis force). • The geographical distribution of land limits where ocean currents can flow. • Landforms affect atmospheric flows (e.g., mountains deflect wind and/or force it to higher elevation).

49. RECALL- • According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there has been a warmingtrend of 0.8°C over the past 130 years. • Both natural (increased solar radiation from the Sun) and human sources (air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels) are contributing to this trend.

50. Greenhouse gases • Many scientists believe that the 0.8°C global warming trend has resulted primarily from human influence, through the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels. • Natural causes, through the increase of solar radiation received on Earth, contribute only a small amount. • Scientists hypothesize that the warming trend means more energy for evaporation to create more frequent storms and precipitation in some areas of the world. It could maybe even lead to more hurricanes!