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Mode

Mode. A critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre. Some examples are the satiric mode, the ironic mode, the comic mode, the pastoral mode… . Review: what is the pastoral? . Pastoral.

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Mode

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  1. Mode • A critical term usually identifying a broad, but identifiable literary method, mood, or manner, that is not tied exclusively to a particular form or genre. Some examples are the satiric mode, the ironic mode, the comic mode, the pastoral mode…

  2. Review: what is the pastoral?

  3. Pastoral • An idealized non-urban space where humans are free from labor and live more closely in tune with the environment and each other. There are often shepherds.

  4. What is the pastoral? • Specific tradition of poetry (pattern of retreat and return) • (+) Any literature that describes the country with an implicit or explicit contrast to (or critique of) the urban. • (-) Idealization (and such idealization is problematic)

  5. Buell suggests that there are 7 environmental “projects” in Walden: • Pastoral project of edenic recovery • Pastoral project of critique • Experiment in frugality (adds georgic elements to his use of pastoral) • Interest in natural history (the seasons, proto-ecological) • Landscape aesthetics • Geography (landscape of Concord vs. landscape of the text) • “Politics” of nature

  6. Checklist of characteristics of environmental texts • The nonhuman environment is present not merely as a framing device but as a presence that begins to suggest that human history is implicated in natural history. • The human interest is not understood to be the only legitimate interest. • Human accountability to the environment is part of the text’s ethical orientation. • Some sense of the environment as a process rather than a constant or a given is at least implicit in the text.

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