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My Interests – as a Geographer

My Interests – as a Geographer. For the most part my intellectual interests are descriptive, attempting to document how the U.S. landscapes has evolved by focusing on the institutional forces that provide the framework for virtually all human behaviors How societies organize

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My Interests – as a Geographer

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  1. My Interests – as a Geographer • For the most part my intellectual interests are descriptive, attempting to document how the U.S. landscapes has evolved by focusing on the institutional forces that provide the framework for virtually all human behaviors • How societies organize • space – basic divisions and evolution • behavior – basic principles and evolution • How entities – individuals, groups of individuals, governments – with the right to use land exercise those rights to produce goods and provide services and thus create landscapes – the visible effects of human behavior

  2. Congress Legislative Mandate Legislation Agency Regulation Courts LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

  3. Why (How?) do dairy farmers behave the way they do? • Federal Statutory Law regarding milk production, marketing, and consumption • Dairy Market Enhancement Act of 2000 – one such statute, act • Administrative Law regarding milk • Regulations of the US Department of Agriculture – regulations, rules • Case Law regarding milk  • Hillside Dairy Inc. et al v William J Lyons Jr., Secretary California Department of Food and Agriculture et al 123 S. Ct. 2142 (June 2003) – one such court case • The actions of large milk companies – Land O’Lakes – and the federal law influencing the way in which they behave

  4. A Paradigm for Landscape Activity Goods Service Artifacts Federal Legislation Federal Regulation Federal Judicial Opinions Law Public Policy Landscape

  5. A Paradigm for Landscape Activity Goods Service Artifacts Legislation Regulation Judicial Opinions Law Public Policy Landscape Evaluation

  6. Course that describes • How the federal government reaches consensus about its role and responsibility and makes policy – organizing space and behavior

  7. Course that describes • How the federal government reaches consensus about its role and responsibility and makes policy – organizing space and behavior • How individuals, corporations, and other governments contribute to policy • How individuals, corporations and other governments react to policy

  8. Landscapes, comprising assemblages of artifacts, are the outcomes of decisions made by individuals, corporations, and governments

  9. Landscapes, comprising assemblages of artifacts, are the outcomes of decisions made by individuals, corporations, and governments • They reflect • Established Goal(s) • Available Empirical information • Available Technology • Method(s) of Evaluation

  10. Landscapes, comprising assemblages of artifacts, are the outcomes of decisions made by individuals, corporations, and governments • They reflect • Established Goal(s) • Available Empirical information • Available Technology • Method(s) of Evaluation • Changes in any may result in changes in decisions and hence changes in landscapes • But the results of previous decisions may remain – sequent occupance

  11. Waste (Wikipedia) • Waste - rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk is unwanted or unusable materials • “Waste” is subjective concept - “One man’s waste is another man’s treasure” • Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially • The composition of waste has varied over time and location • Production and consumption inevitably leads to waste production • We have generally not paid attention to waste • Industrial production leads to some problematic waste (plastics, nuclear waste, e-waste) • Some waste affects human health – receive fairly swift attention – depends on community affected (environmental justice) • Some waste affects “environmental” health – not so swift attention – “trigger?” • Some components of waste have economical value and can be recycled

  12. Some waste materials are a valuable resource, whilst there is debate as to how this value is best realized • municipal solid waste • construction waste and demolition waste • institutional waste, commercial waste, and industrial waste • medical waste (also known as clinical waste) • hazardous waste, radioactive waste, and electronic waste • biodegradable waste

  13. discharges of effluents (waste) into the air and water • deliberately

  14. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks

  15. discharges of effluents (waste) into the air and water • deliberately • inadvertently – accepted as a necessary concomitant of resource use

  16. Environmental Statutes (Senate Committee on Public Works) • Navigation and Navigable Waters • 33 USC Chapter 9 - Protection of Navigable Waters • 33 USC Chapter 26 - Clean Water Act • 33 USC Chapter 27 - Ocean Dumping • 33 USC Chapter 33 - Prevention from Pollution from Ships • 33 USC Chapter 40 - Oil Pollution • 42 U.S.C The Public Health and Welfare

  17. Specific Legislation(Statutes at Large) • Environmental Laws (Senate) • Federal Laws Affecting Agriculture (NASDA) • Environmental Protection Agency Laws and Regulations • Major Environmental Laws and Regulations (DOE Office of Health, Safety, and Security) • Digest of Federal Laws (Fish and Wildlife Service) • Environmental Legislation (Congressional Research Service blogs) • Environmental Law Institute • Environmental Laws and Treaties (NRDC) • Environmental Law: An Overview (Legal Information Institute) • Environmental Legislation, daily postings of reports relating to the environment authored by the Congressional Research Service (CQ Roll Call Group)

  18. Code of Federal Regulations • Title 7 - Agriculture • Title 10 - Energy • Title 18 - Conservation of Power and Water Resources • Title 21 - Food and Drugs • Title 33 - Navigation and Navigable Waters • Title 40 - Protection of Environment • Title 50 - Wildlife and Fisheries • All rules in the CFR have been published in the Federal Register • Congressional Research Service Reports

  19. Judicial Opinions • Supreme Court • U.S. Supreme Court: Recent Environmental Law Decisions • U.S. Supreme Court: Recent Natural Resource Decisions

  20. Law dealing with any form of production or consumption? • Agriculture – food production, transportation, consumption not merely unwanted consequences • Transportation – concern about basic premise of rapid longdistance transport • Energy – not just concern about renewable, clean energy, clean coal technology • Corporate activities – the legal responsibility of most corporations is to make money

  21. Environmental Issues (Natural Resources Defense Council) • Climate Change - Energy • Air Quality • Water – quantity, quality, floods and droughts • Oceans – climate change, protection of marine resources • Food and Agriculture – chemicals, nutrition • Environment and Human Health - chemicals • Wildlands – public lands • Wildlife • Environmental Justice • Nuclear Energy and Weapons • Sustainability • Recycling

  22. Environmental Law (Legal Information Institute) • The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (Pub. L. 91–190, § 2, Jan. 1, 1970, 83 Stat. 852) • The Environmental Quality Improvement Act (Pub. L. 91–224, title II, § 202, Apr. 3, 1970, 84 Stat. 114.) • The National Environmental Education Act (Pub. L. 101–619, § 2, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3325) • 42 USC 4371 et seq • The main objective of these federal statutes was to protect the environment against both public and private actions

  23. Council on Environmental Quality • coordinates Federal environmental efforts and works closely with agencies and other White House offices in the development of environmental policies and initiatives • established within the Executive Office of the President by Congress by the National Environmental Policy Act • additional responsibilities were provided by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970

  24. Environmental Protection Agency • EPA A-Z Index • Air • Asbestos • Office of Air and Radiation • The Clean Air Act gives EPA the authority to establish policy and promulgate regulations to protect air quality. • Air Toxics Rules and Implementation • Clean Air Interstate Rule • Clean Air Mercury Rule • Dry Cleaning Rule • Fuel Economy Calculations • New Source Review Permits • Operating Permits Program • Ozone Depletion Regulations • Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances

  25. The Environmental Impact Statement (Wikipedia) • National Environmental Policy Act (EPA) • Basic information • Environmental Impact Statement Database (EPA) • Environmental Impact Statement (FHWA) • Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) on the Effects of Oil and Gas Activities in the Arctic Ocean (NOAA) • FutureGen Project Final Environmental Impact Statement  (National Energy Technical Laboratory) • Cape Wind Energy Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (BOEM) • Final Environmental Impact Statement Addendum: Agreement for the Central Corridor Light Rail Transit Project through the University of Minnesota , Twin Cities-Minneapolis Campus (Metropolitan Council, October 2010) • Draft EIS PolyMet Mining Inc. (Minnesota DNR)

  26. Water

  27. Overview of Water Quality in Selected Basins

  28. Importance of Water to the United States Economy (EPA) • Water resources of the United States (USGS) • Water Use in the United States (USGS) • America's Dwindling Water Supply (CBS News Jan 8, 2010) • US WaterMonitor -- A Portal to Federal Water Information • Overview of the Water-Energy Nexus in the U.S. • U.S. Water Alliance • A New Map Of The U.S., Created From Where We Get Our Water ...

  29. Water (EPA Office of Water) • Surface Water Standards & Guidance • Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters • Pollution Control • Drinking Water • Drinking Water Standards • Safe Drinking Water Act Analytical Methods and Laboratory Certification • Drinking Water Contaminants • Private Wells • Water Infrastructure • Wastewater Management • Science & Technology • Contaminants of Emerging Concern

  30. Water (EPA) • Grants & Funding • The Clean Water Act established the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters • The CWA was first enacted in 1948 and was called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act • The CWA was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972 and the "Clean Water Act" became the Act's common name with those amendments • 33 USC 1251 et seq

  31. Water (EPA) • The Safe Drinking Water Act is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water • Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement those standards  • The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972) also known as the Ocean Dumping Act) prohibits dumping material into the ocean that would unreasonably degrade or endanger human health or the marine environment. • Virtually all material ocean dumped today is dredged material (sediments) removed from the bottom of water bodies in order to maintain navigation channels and berthing areas • Other materials that are currently disposed ocean include fish wastes, human remains, and vessels

  32. Water (EPA) • Regulatory Information • the Safe Drinking Water Act • the Clean Water Act

  33. Healthy Water (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) • Drinking Water • Healthy Swimming/Recreational Water • Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene • Minnesota Department of Health • Industry and Commerce • Electricity generation

  34. Water (USDA) • Natural Resources Conservation Service • Snow Survey & Water Supply • Water Management • Water Quality • Watersheds • Wetlands • East National Technology Support Center • West National Technology Support Center • Central National Technology Support Center • National Water and Climate Center • National Water Management Center

  35. Minneapolis Water Facts • Minneapolis Tap Water • St. Paul Water Regional Services • Metropolitan Council Environmental Services • Wastewater Treatment • Industrial Waste • Water Quality Management • Rivers, streams & lakes monitoring • Wastewater & Water Publications & Resources

  36. Water and Industry • Industrial water use (USGS) • Water & energy efficiency by sector (EPA) • State of the Water Industry (American Water Works Association) • 15 Outrageous Facts About The Bottled Water Industry • International Bottled Water Association • Bottled Water (Food & Water Watch) • EPA's Study of Hydraulic Fracturing and Its Potential Impact on Drinking Water Resources • Policy Positions: Ethanol and Water (Renewable Fuels Association) • Rising Use of Corn Ethanol Stresses Midwestern Aquifers (Scientific American Jan, 2013 • Water Resources and Industry (journal)

  37. Water and Invasive Species • Invasive Species (EPA) • Overview of EPA Authorities for Natural Resource Managers Developing Aquatic Invasive Species Rapid Response and Management Plans • Clean Water Act • Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act • What We Do to Stop Ballast Water Introductions of Invasive Species (National Wildlife Federation) • USGS Targets Tiny Stowaways in Ships’ Ballast Water

  38. Oceans • Protecting the Ocean (National Geographic) • Marine Protected Areas & Ocean Pollution Facts (NRDC) • NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  • Oceans – Climate change indicators in the United States (EPA) • The Water Cycle: The Oceans (USGS)

  39. Marine Mammal Protection • Office of Protected Resources (NOAA) • Marine Mammal Protection Act (Pub. L. 92-522, Oct. 21, 1972, 86 Stat. 1027; 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) • MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1988 (Pub. L. 100-711, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4755) • MARINE MAMMAL HEALTH AND STRANDING RESPONSE ACT (Pub. L. 102-587, title III, Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5059) • MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1994 (Pub. L. 103-238, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 532) • MARINE MAMMAL RESCUE ASSISTANCE ACT OF 2000 (Pub. L. 106-555, title II, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2767) • MARINE DEBRIS ACT (Pub. L. 109-449, Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3333; 33 U.S.C. 1951 et seq.)

  40. Natural Disasters • Natural Disasters (EPA) • Natural Hazards (USGS) • Floods • United States Drought Monitor • U.S. Drought 2012: Farm and Food Impacts (USDA Economic Research Service) • Disaster Declarations (FEMA) • Managing Water (FEMA) • Crop Insurance Policy (USDA Risk Management Agency)

  41. Environmental Nonprofits • Natural Resources Defense Council • Resources for the Future • Environmental Defense Fund • Worldwatch Institute • American Farmland Trust • National Wildlife Federation • Izaak Walton League • Sierra Club • The Wilderness Society • Union of Concerned Scientists

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