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Student Projects for B.Sc. Chemistry

Student Projects for B.Sc. Chemistry . Dr. R. Rajeev VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram. Project. Feasibility. Introduction Relevance Applications Literature survey Scope of work Experimental Procedure Materials

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Student Projects for B.Sc. Chemistry

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  1. Student Projects for B.Sc. Chemistry Dr. R. Rajeev VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram

  2. Project Feasibility • Introduction Relevance Applications Literature survey • Scope of work • Experimental Procedure • Materials • Instrumentation for experiments and characterization • Results & Discussion • Conclusions • Acknowledgements • References

  3. Where to find a topic / subject • Inorganic Chemistry Synthesis of metal oxides • Applications metallurgy, catalysts, fillers in composites, ceramics, pigments, paints • Properties Inertness, catalytic activity, stability, purity, colour Thermal , electrical , magnetic and spectral properties Particle characteristics like size (macro, micro, nano), shape, surface area, porosity • Properties varies with method of preparation, heat treatment, precursor

  4. Iron oxide • Oxides of Iron • iron(II) oxide, wüstite (FeO) • iron(II,III) oxide, magnetite (Fe3O4) • iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) • alpha phase, hematite (α-Fe2O3) beta phase, (β-Fe2O3) • gamma phase, maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) • epsilon phase, (ε-Fe2O3) • Hydroxides • iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)2) • iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), (bernalite) • Oxide/hydroxides • goethite (α-FeOOH), • akaganéite (β-FeOOH), • lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), • feroxyhyte (δ-FeOOH), • ferrihydrite (Fe5HO8·4H2O approx.), or 5Fe2O3•9H2O, better recast as FeOOH•0.4H2O • high-pressure FeOOH • schwertmannite (ideally Fe8O8(OH)6(SO)·nH2O or Fe3+16O16(OH,SO4)12-13·10-12H2O) • green rust (FeIIIxFeIIy(OH)3x+2y-z(A-)z; where A- is Cl- or 0.5SO42-)

  5. Synthesis • Precipitation of from an aqueous solution of iron compound • Precipitating agent,, ammonia, NaOH, KOH, amines • Temperature- RT, Hydrothermal, autoclave, microwave • Homogeneous precipitation- urea, hexamine • Thermal decomposition of Iron compounds • Iron salts – inorganic / organic • Nitrate, carbonate, sulphate, perchlorate / oxalate, citrate, tartrate • Iron complexes- • Atmosphere - oxidizing, reducing, inert

  6. Synthesis of Nano Iron oxide particles • Combustion technique • Vapour deposition • Sol-Gel method • Template method • Homogeneous precipitation • Powdering- ball milling, Fluid energy milling

  7. Characterization techniques Elemental analysis • CHNS Analyser • UV-Visible Spectrophotometry • Ion Chromatography (IC) • Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) • Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICPAES) • X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) Structural Analysis • Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrometry (FTIR) • X-ray Diffraction Spectrometry (XRD) Particle Characterization • Surface area analyser • Particle Size analysis by light scattering • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) • Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Thermal Analysis • Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA) • Differential Thermal Analyser (DTA) • Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)

  8. X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD) • Nanoferric oxide by sucrose method

  9. Copper Ammonium Chromate

  10. Copper chromite

  11. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) Specifications Source : hollow cathode lamp Flame : air/C2H2, N2O/C2H2 Range : 0.1 ppm to 5% Detector : PM tube Sensitivity : 0.01 ppm Sample : aqueous/ non aqueous solutions • Principle is Beer-Lambert’s law: log I0/I = εcl • Measurement of radiation, absorbed by the ground state atoms at specific resonance wavelength, from a hollow cathode lamp • Extent of absorption is directly proportional to the number of ground state atoms in the flame, measured by a spectrophotometer

  12. Ion Chromatograph Principle Ion exchange , retention and elution Applications Anions and cations from ppm to percentage levels

  13. Thermogravimetric Analyser (TG) and Differential Thermal Analyser (DTA) Components Balance assemblies Furnace Cabinet Software Temperature Range: Ambient to 1500°C Heating Rate : 0.1°C/min to100°C/min Accuracy :  1% Balance sensitivity : 0.1g DTA sensitivity : 0. 001°C

  14. TG /DTG and DTA of FeSO4.7H20

  15. TG /DTG of Fe(NH4)2.(SO4)2.6H20 – Mohrs. salt

  16. TG /DTG of FeNH4.(SO4)2.12H20 – Ferric alum

  17. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) Temperature Range: -150°C to 725°C Heating Rate : 0.1°C/min to 100°C/min Calorimetric Precision : 1 %

  18. UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Principle Beer-Lambert law A = log I0/I = εcL • UV -Visible spectroscopy involves the absorption of UV or visible light by a molecule causing the promotion of an electron from a ground electronic state to an excited electronic state • Applications • Estimation of trace level impurities in alloys • Estimation of titanium, Iridium in alloys and catalysts • Absorption studies of Quantum dots, dyes • Fe in Al powder • Ammonium dinitramide analysis Specifications Range : 190-900nm Resolution : 1 nm

  19. UV-visible spectra of metal complexes

  20. Calibration graph for Titanium 0.35 0.30 slope 0.01591 0.25 Absorbance 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0 5 10 15 20 Concentration of Titanium (mg/L) Analysis of Titanium by UV-visible Spectrophotometer • In acid medium Titanium ions give an yellow orange complex with H2O2 which forms the basis of spectrometric method for determination of Titanium. • The interference from other elements can be eliminated by the addition of citric acid / tartaric acid UV-Visible Spectrophotometer max = 410nm, Band width = 0.5nm Quartz cell with optical path length 10mm

  21. Fourier Transform Infra red Spectrometer Wavelength range : 400 - 4000 cm-1 Sa Samples in KBr pellets used for measuring spectrum

  22. FTIR spectra of OA and CuOA complexes

  23. Topics for Projects Studies on water crystallization of compounds Sulphate, Double sulphates, alums Nitrates, chlorides, complexes Preparation of crystals TG, DTA studies, XRD, IR Catalytic activity studies Ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium chlorate Catalysts:Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides Preparation and characterization TG, DTA, DSC, particle size, surface area, XRD, IR, SEM, TEM

  24. Topics for Projects Pollution control studies Removal of major contaminants acid, base, sulphate, nitrate, perchlorate, fluoride, iron, etc Addition of suitable neutralizing /precipitating agents, separation analysis Removal of minor and trace contaminants -As, Hg, Cr, Fe, Ni, Fluoride, perchlorate, etc -Adsorption, Ion exchange, chromatography, solvent extraction, precipitation, evaporation, volatilization Regeneration, analysis Type of additives / by products Natural, synthetic reagents, corrosive, ecofriendly

  25. Topics for Projects Analytical Chemistry Projects • Estimation of iron content in soil from different area by spectrophotometry • Analysis of Titanium content in beach sand by spectrophotometry • Quantitative composition analysis of alloys eg. Chromium / Nickel content in Stainless steel (gravimetry, volumetry, colorimetry, AAS, ICP-AES)

  26. Advanced Projects Mars atmosphere contains >95% CO2 and also as dry ice in soil Technologies are required for producing oxygen from this CO2 and from iron oxide Splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen by low cost / energy method Storage of hydrogen

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