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Immunization

Immunization . Dr. Shreedhar Paudel May, 2009. Immunization . Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine

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Immunization

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  1. Immunization Dr. ShreedharPaudel May, 2009

  2. Immunization • Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine • Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease

  3. Immunization • Two types of responses • Innate • Non specific • Lacks memory and specificity • Monocyte- macrophage system • Acquired • Specific • Response improves with subsequent exposure • Antigen specific T and B lymphocytes

  4. Immunization • Types of immune responses • Active • Natural • Artificial • Passive • Natural • Artificial

  5. Immunization… • Active immunization entails the introduction of a foreign molecule into the body, which causes the body itself to generate immunity against the target • This immunity comes from the T cells and the B cells with their antibodies

  6. Immunization…. • Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response • Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease

  7. Immunization… • Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization by the injection of antibodies, such as gamma globulin, that are not produced by the recipient's cells • Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream

  8. Immunization… • Types of vaccine:- • Live attenuated • Organisms actually infect the vaccinee • Single dose is sufficient for immunization • BCG, oral polio, MMR • Killed or inactivated • Killed organism • Relatively nontoxic but sometimes may induce local and systemic reactions • Pertusis, Inj. Polio, hepatitis A, Salmonella typhi

  9. Immunization… • Types of vaccine:- • Toxoids • Non toxic • Products are well purified • Non replicating antigens • Diphtheria, tetanus • Others • Capsular polysaccharide -Hib, meningococcal, pneumococcal • Recombinant • HbsAg

  10. EPI Primary immunization schedule recommended by the Expanded Program on Immunization of the WHO • At birth: BCG, OPV and HBV • 6 weeks: DPT, OPV, and HBV • 10 weeks: DPT and OPV • 14 weeks: DPT and OPV • 9 weeks: Measles and HBV • Women of child bearing age: Tetanus toxoid

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