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Intelligence

Learn about the psychometric approach to measuring intelligence, including IQ tests, theories, and heritability. Explore the impact of culture on IQ testing and the cognitive approach with Gardner's multiple intelligences.

joelmoore
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Intelligence

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  1. Intelligence Chapter 8

  2. Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach • Defining intelligence • The invention of IQ tests • Can IQ tests be culture-free? • Multiple Intelligences?

  3. A key issue is whether there is one intelligence or many Theories of Intelligence: One Ability or Many

  4. Defining Intelligence • Intelligence • The overall capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. • g factor • A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.

  5. Psychometric Approach • How well people perform on standardized mental tests • Achievement tests – measures acquired skills and knowledge • Aptitude tests – measures ability to acquire skills & knowledge

  6. Sir Francis Galton • Intelligence genetically inherited • Advocated eugenic programs • Measured intellect via sensory processes • Invented concept of correlation

  7. Heritability- Only W/in groups

  8. Alfred Binet • TEST OF SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE • Identify mentally retarded children in school (1904) • Published first useful test of general mental ability (Binet-Simon Scale, 1905) – measured memory, vocab and perceptual discrimination

  9. Normal Distribution • Symmetric, bell-shaped curve • Represents pattern in which many characteristics distributed in population • Most IQ tests mean is 100 & standard deviation 15

  10. The Psychometric Approach • IQ scores are distributed “normally” • Bell-shaped curve • Very high and low scores are rare • 68% of people have IQ between 85-115 • 99.7% between 55-145

  11. Intelligence Testing Today • Shifting to achievement & aptitude tests • Increasing emphasis on specific abilities

  12. Can IQ Tests be Culture Free? • Traditionally favored middle-class, white, city children • To eliminate bias: • culture - free tests (non-verbal tests) • culture – fair tests (items common to cultures) • Cultural values and experiences affect a person’s: • Attitude toward exams, • Comfort in the settings required for testing, • Motivation • Rapport with test provider, • Competitiveness, and • Ease of independent problem solving.

  13. Expectations, Stereotypes and IQ Scores • Negative stereotypes can worsen performance & motivation • Positive stereotypes can improve performance & motivation • Stereotype threat • A burden of doubt one feels about his or her performance due to negative stereotypes about his or her group’s abilities.

  14. Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

  15. Gardner proposed that there are multiple types of intelligence and traditional intelligence tests do not measure them Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to solve a problem or create a product within a specific cultural setting Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

  16. Linguistic Musical Naturalistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Body/ Kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal All are not measured by intelligence tests Developed from evidence on cognitive capabilities from “normal” & special populations Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

  17. Why multiple intelligences? • Prodigies and savants (also Idiot-savants) prove that it is possible to be gifted with one form of intelligence and not another. • Brain damaged people show us that it is possible to lose some abilities and retain others, suggesting that different intelligences may depend on different brain systems.

  18. Strengths of Definition • Recognizes cultural context • Recognizes multiple competencies • Includes gifted & special populations • Framework for measuring intelligence (Project Spectrum)

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