46-320-01 Tests and Measurements

1. 46-320-01Tests and Measurements Intersession 2006

2. Cognitive Behavioral Assessment • Based on principles of behavior modification (learning and cognition) • Cause vs. symptom • Symptom: precede, coexist, maintain • Environmental factors or thought processes • Observable phenomenon • Goal: changing symptom

3. Operant Conditioning-Based • Behaviors are observed • Alter probability of recurrence of response • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Punishment • Critical response • Frequency, intensity, duration – baseline • Implement • Evaluate intervention against baseline

4. Self-Report Techniques • List of statements about situations (primary determinants of behavior) • Fear Survey Schedule (FSS) • 50 to 122 items • 5- or 7-point scale • Identify situations that elicit fear and avoidance • Assertiveness Behavior Survey Schedule (ABSS) • Situations and consequences

5. Self-Report • Cautela and Upper • Self-report battery • Primary Scales • Secondary Scales • Tertiary Scales • Evaluating self-report • Face validity • Adequate psychometric analysis

6. Kanfer and Saslow • Functional Approach • Behavioral excesses and deficits • Normal and disordered behaviors develop similarly • Clarify problem • Suggest treatment alternatives

7. More Scales • Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) • 2 forms; list of statements, 7-point Likert scale • Good validity • Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT) • Beliefs and expectations vs. reality • 100 items, agreement on 5-point scale • ½ items negatively worded

8. Cognitive Functional Analysis • Meichenbaum: self-statements critical in behavior • Self-appraisals and expectancies • Environmental antecedents, environmental consequences, internal dialogue • Self-monitoring devices

9. Psychophysiological Procedures • Quantify physiological responses • Heart rate, BP, GSR, skin temp • Fear, anger (Ax) • Polygraph • Sexual arousal • Evaluation: • Artifacts • Direct measurement/Prestimulus strength • Demographics

10. Psychophysiological Procedures • EEG Biofeedback • Alter brain waves • Alpha waves • Video-game format

11. Clinical Neuropsychology • What is it? • Brain dysfunction, affects of mental/physical illness • Memory: • Weschler Memory Scale-III • Auditory Immediate, Visual Immediate, Immediate Memory, Auditory Delayed, Visual Delayed, Auditory Recognition Delayed, General Memory, and Working Memory

12. Clinical Neuropsychology • Localized problems vs. interconnections • Left vs. Right hemisphere problems • Specific problems • E.g., Wernicke’s Aphasia • Spatial problems • E.g., dressing apraxia • Information-processing deficits • Recall vs. recognition

13. Developmental Neuropsychology • Brain injury, lesions, trauma • Development and birth complications • Executive functions • Volition, self-control and self-monitoring • Mirsky: Focus Execute, Sustain, Encode, Shift • Learning disabilities • Dyslexia

14. Trail Making Test

15. Developmental Neuropsychology • Development of Rehabilitation Plans • 1. Testing to determine problem • 2. Assessment of environment • 3. Treatment plan • 4. Ideal treatment plan • 5. Availability of resources • 6. Realistic remedial plan • 7. Progress evaluation

16. Halstead-Reitan Battery • Many tests • Halstead category test, Tactual test, Rhythm test, Speech-sounds perception test, Finger oscillation test • Related procedures: Trail making test, Strength-of-grip test, Sensory-perceptual examination • Performance associated with dysfunction in one hemisphere

17. Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery • Pluripotentiality • Golden • 269 items, 24 hours • 11 subsections • Motor functions, rhythm, tactile, visual, receptive speech, expressive speech, writing, reading, arithmetic skills, memory, intellectual processes • Scores: subsections, Pathognomic score, left or right hemisphere dysfunction

18. California Verbal Learning Test • How errors are made in learning tasks • Verbal learning and memory • E.g., recall and recognition • Good validity • CVLT-C • Ages 5 to 16 • Learning disabilities, ADHD, MR, neurological disorders • Recall and recognition of words • High reliability and validity

19. Anxiety • Stress: • Frustration, conflict, pressure • Exposure causes anxiety • STAI • 20 items per, 4-point scale • A-State, A-Trait • Reliability: test-retest • Validity: 2 factor structure, good concurrent validity

20. Test Anxiety • Mandler & Sarason: 2 types of responding • Task-relevant or task-irrelevant responses • Test Anxiety Questionnaire (TAQ) • Learned task drive • Learned anxiety drive • 37 items, 15 cm line (ends and midpoint defined) • High reliability

21. Test Anxiety • Test Anxiety Scale (TAS) • Sarason – criticized TAQ for state not trait • TAQ items in T/F format (21 items) • Person focus (not situation) • Valid as measure of personality • Emotionality and Worry (Liebert & Morris) • Independent dimensions • Achievement and Anxiety Test (AAT) • Debilitating and facilitating anxiety

22. Coping and Social Support • Ways Of Coping Scale • 68 item checklist • Thoughts and actions used in stressful situation • Problem focused and emotion focused • Social Support Questionnaire • 27 items, people and satisfaction with support • Very stable and valid

23. Quality of Life Assessment • Health • Psychometric vs. decision theory • SF-36 • 8 health concepts • Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, mental health • Good reliability and validity • Not age-specific