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Objective Personality Tests. Material Covered4 major approaches to test constructionExamples of test based on first three test construction proceduresUse of personality tests in modern clinical practice. Characteristics Objective Personality Tests. Standard set of questionsFixed response options.
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1. Objective Personality Testing
2. Objective Personality Tests Material Covered
4 major approaches to test construction
Examples of test based on first three test construction procedures
Use of personality tests in modern clinical practice
3. Characteristics Objective Personality Tests
Standard set of questions
Fixed response options
4. Objective Personality Tests: Advantages Individual or groups (economical)
Administration is simple/objective
Scoring is simple/objective
Interpretation of results requires less interpretative skill than projective tests
Apparent increased objectivity and reliability
5. Objective Personality Tests: Disadvantages
Items limited to behavior
Single overall score
Transparent meaning of items
Forced choice approach
6. How are you feeling bookletsHow are you feeling booklets
7. Test Construction Approaches Logical or content validation
Empirical Criterion Keying (MMPI)
Factor Analysis (NEO Personality Inventory)
Construct Validity (Combines all of the above)
8. Approaches to Test Construction: Content Validation
Defining all aspects of the construct
Consulting experts about the constructs
Having expert judges assess each potential item
Perform psychometric analyses of items
.
For example: depression: what are all the core symptoms of depression—consult experts in depression, have them assess the relevance of each item and then evaluate individual’s responses to the item.
As an adjunct to his or her own log or intuition, the test developer frequently employs aids such as textbooks, clinical records, experimental data, and conversations with clooeagues..
For example: depression: what are all the core symptoms of depression—consult experts in depression, have them assess the relevance of each item and then evaluate individual’s responses to the item.
As an adjunct to his or her own log or intuition, the test developer frequently employs aids such as textbooks, clinical records, experimental data, and conversations with clooeagues.
9. Content Validation: An Example Goal: Construct a test designed to measure attitudes toward school
Answer true or false
I enjoy getting up in the morning for school
I like my teacher(s)
I enjoy seeing my friends at school
I enjoy the subjects I learn about at school
10. Content Validation: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages
Face validity with test takers Disadvantages
Easy to fake good or bad
11. Content Validation: The Mooney Problem Checklist
Assesses emotional functioning in the following areas:
Home and family
Interpersonal relationships
Courtship and marriage
Morals an religion
School/occupation
Economic security
social skills and recreation
Health and physical development
12. Approaches to Test Construction: Empirical Keying
Create test items to measure on or more traits
Administer test items to a “criterion” and “control” group
Select items that distinguish between these two groups
Content of the item is not considered important
13. Empirical Keying: Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI)
Developed in 1930’s
Starke Hathaway Ph.D. & J. Charnley McKinley, MD.
Needed test to identify diagnosis
Developed an item pool
Identified a group of patients and nonpatients
Resulting scale of 550 items (true/false/cannot say)
14. MMPI Clinical Scales
15. MMPI: Validity Scales ? (Cannot say)
Unanswered items
L (Lie)
Faking good
F (Infrequency)
Faking bad
K (Defensiveness)
Defensiveness in admitting to problems
16. Interpreting MMPI Validity Scales
Single scales
Profile analysis
18. MMPI: Shortcomings Unrepresentative normative sample
Language of items was outdated (including sexist language)
Inadequately addressed difficulties such as suicide or drug use
19. MMPI: Revision Assembled team of MMPI experts
Rewrote some items
Added new items
Administered new item pool (n=704) to a standardization sample (representative)
Retained 567 items from the item pool
20. MMPI-2 Clinical Scales Anxiety
Fears
Obsessiveness
Depression
Health Concerns
Bizarre Thoughts
Anger
Cynicism Antisocial Practices
Type A
Low Self-Esteem
Social Discomfort
Family Problems
Work Interference
Negative Treatment Indicators
21. Approaches to Test Construction: Factor Analysis (Internal Consistency)
Correlational technique used to determine whether a group of items are correlated with one another
22. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) Based on five factor model of personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness)
Name derived from initials of the first three traits
Assesses all five traits
Emphasizes assessment of normal personality style rather than psychopathology
Parallel forms
23. Approaches to Test Construction: Construct Validity Combines aspects of content validity, empirical criterion keying and factor analytic approaches in developing assessment devises (Clark and Watson, 1995)
24. The Place of Personality Assessment in Contemporary Clinical Psychology Or
Why do we use these tests?
25. Psychological Assessment: Purpose (Textbook Response)
Classification (diagnosis)
Description
Prediction
26. Classification Results from psychological testing assists in making a diagnosis
Critics of psych testing- tests are not reliable or valid diagnostic instruments
Defenders: test information is used in conjunction with other clinical data
27. Description
28. Prediction Test findings can be used to make predictions about behavior
Whether client will benefit from psychotherapy
What type of psychotherapy would be best
Suicidal risk
Risk for violence
29. The Place of Personality Assessment in Contemporary Clinical Psychology Or
Why do we use these tests?
30. Psychological Assessment: Purpose: Typical Referral Question
Please evaluate for organic brain damage (patient has history of polysubstance abuse) and evaluate for psychotic thinking
31. Tests Administered Evidence of Organic Damage
Weschlser Memory Scale
Trail Making Test
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Benton Test of Visual Memory
Evidence of Psychotic Thought
MMPI
Rorachach
Beck Depression Inventory
32. Interpretation of Results
Normal performance on tests of memory, concentration and attention
Personality testing suggested the primary etiological role of emotional turmoil.
Presence of both acute distress and chronic characterological problems.
Acute distress: severe depression and a risk for suicide
Reality testing in the normal range
Significant ego regression when faced with affective arousal was noted.
33. Projective and Objective Personality Tests: Incremental Validity
Degree to which assessment increases prediction based on base rates (prevalence) or other sources
34. Incremental Validity: Current Findings
Tentative support for the incremental validity of the MMPI-2 scales in prediction of personality disorder, aggression, and differentiation between depressed patients and substance abuse patients
NEO-PI-R: personality disorder, maternal responsiveness to infants and violence
Rorschach: thought disorder but not other scores
TAT: not adequately investigated
35. Objective Tests: Summary Material Covered
4 major approaches to test construction
Examples of test based on first three test construction procedures
Use of personality tests in modern clinical practice