soochow university department of psychology

1. ???????? ???????? ?? ??? Soochow University Department of Psychology

2. ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? 1.Disposition:???????????? 2.?????????????????????,??????? 3.??????????? (1).?????????? (2).?????????????????????????????????????? (3).????????????????????????????

3. 4.?? vs. ????? 5.??????????????????????????????? ???????: (1)????(2)?????????(3)????????????? 6.??????????????,?????(additive)??,?????????,???????????????????? ? ? ? ?

4. 7.??????????,?????????,???????????????,???????????????????????????????,????????????:??????????-?????????? 8.?????????: (1). The Lexical Approach: ?:?????????????? (2). The Theoretical Approach ?:??????????? (3). The Statistical Approach: ????? ? ? ? ?

5. ?????? Person logy: Henry Murray ????????????????(Study individual "human lives and the factors that influence their course." (1938:4)� ???? 1.Holistic 2interactions, Personal & Environmental forces. 3.?? Psychoanalytic ? Academic Psychology 4.?? Normal People (?????????????????????????) Henry Murray

6. 5.????? Motivational System 6.?????????????? 7.????????????� ?????? ?????????????,????????????????,??????,??????????? ?????? 1.???????? (directionality, goal orientation)?????? 2.Tension Reduction ?????????,??????????????????????????????(e.g. ????) Henry Murray

7. 3.Need ?? (1).???????????(a force in the brain region) ??????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????????????? (2).?????,Murray ???????? 20 ??????Psychogenic -- ????? 4.?? ???????????????,???????????????????????? ?:Autonomy ? Affiliation ???? Aggression ? Dominance fuse ? ???? Abasement ?? Affiliation ? subsidiary ? ???????? ??? Henry Murray

8. ????????? Press ??????????????????????????? ?: ???? Press:?????,????????????????????? Dominance, Nurturance???? 1.Alpha Press : ???????? 2.Beta Press : ?????????? ?:????????,??????,?????unsupported ( Beta Press) ????????????,????????????,???,??????Temporal inattention (Alpha Press) Henry Murray

9. ?????? 1.Genetic,Motivational Process ? Experiential Factors ???? 2.Psycho metabolic Process Anabolic Process :Building-Up ???????????????? Catabolic Process :Breaking-Down ?????anabolic??,??????,??Catabolic ?? 3.??? Genetic Program ????????:????? 4.??Learned?Unlearned????,??????????? Henry Murray

10. Henry Murray ????? Socialization ??????????????,??????????????????? ????????? 1.?? holistic ??????? 2.????????????????????? 3.Diagnostic Council ?????????????,????????? ?????????????????? 4.????: ????,????(TAT)?????(Situation S) TAT (Christiona Morgan, & H. Murray, 1938) 30 ???,?? 11 ????? ,??????? ?????,????? 20 ?

11. Gordon W. Allport Gordon W. Allport ???? 1.?????????????? Nomothetic Approach????,?????????(Idiographic Approach) 2.??Conscious Motivation???,?????????????????????????(e.g. ????) 3.????????????? 4.?? Child Model ???Adult (e.g. Functional Autonomy; ??-???? VS. ??-Cognitive Insight)

12. Gordon W. Allport ?????? Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of these psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment (1937:48). ?????????????????????????� 1.????????? (1).Dynamic:??????? (2).Organization:????;??????? (3).Psychophysical:??? Hypothetical?????????? (4).Determine:Personality is something and does something

13. Gordon W. Allport 2.? Character vs. Temperament ??? Character:???????????????(Codes of Behavior) Temperament:????????????(Dispositions ) ??Trait ?? A trait is ...... a neuropsychic structure having the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent and to initiate and guide equivalent forms of adaptive and expressive behavior. �render....� ? trait ???????????????,???????????????????

14. Gordon W. Allport 1.??????? (1).??????????(Nominal existence) ,??????????? (2).????????? (3).??????????? (4).???????? (5).???????? (6).??????????????? (7).???????????????? (8).????????????,??????

15. Gordon W. Allport 2.????????????? ------------------------------------- � �? ? ? ? � Focus � Generality �Evaluative �Example Trait �Predisposition � Aspects of �Most general � Somewhat �Sociability �???????�the self � � � � Attitudes �????? �Facets of the Somewhat � Most �????? �?? �environment � general � � � Habit �?? maybe �????? � Least � Least �????? � unique � � � �??? ----------------------------------

16. Gordon W. Allport 3. Trait ????? (1).???????? (A).Cardinal:??????????????,?????????????? (B).Central Trait: ??????????e.g. Hamlet???Introspective, Obsessive, Melancholy, revengeful, dramatic, indecisive. (C).Secondary Trait:??????? (2). ?????? Common trait: ?????????????? -- nomothetic Approach Personal disposition: Unique to a given person, --idiographic

17. Gordon W. Allport 4.?? trait ???? The repeated occurrence of acts that have the same significance following a definable range of stimuli having the same personal significance 5. ?Cross-Situational Consistency ??? ?? Nomothetic ????????????? e.g. �Neatness� ??????? neat ???,???????,??????????? Self-centeredness ?????

18. Gordon W. Allport 6. Proprium (??) Latin Words: Proprius Means "own" ???????� ???? ------------------------------- Age 0 ???? Emerging aspect of the proprium � 0�3 ????????? The sense of bodily self ; The physical body as "me" ???? Self-Identity ?? Self-esteem; ???? pride ???? �

19. 4�6 ????????? Extension of self; ????????? Feeling of connectedness with ???????? people that are important in ones life � ????(???, Self-Image; a sense of who one ????????? is, who one wants to be;who ones should be � 6�12 ???? Self�awareness, ??????? ??????? �� Adolescence- Propriate Striving ?????????? long-range purposes distant goals � Adult ??????????????,??functional autonomy (????)?? -----------------------------

20. Gordon W. Allport 7.Intentionality ????????????????????? 8.Functional autonomy ????,?????????,?????????,????????? (1).Preservative functional autonomy ???????????(??? Partial reinforcement ?????) (2). Propriate functional autonomy ?????? ???????,??????????????Self motivating e.g. L. Pasteur ??????? e.g. ??????,?????????

21. Gordon W. Allport 9.?????? ????????????,?????????????? ?????? 1. Nomothetic ????? ?? Ethnic, Prejudice, the formation and spread of rumor, & the psychology of mass communication� 2.???? A study of values (Allport, Vernm, & Lindzey) ? paired comparison ??? Ss ??6??? (1). theoretical (truth), (2).economical (usefulness) (3). esthetic (harmony), (4).social (altruistic love), (5). political (power), (6).religious (unity), ???? Idiographic ?

22. Gordon W. Allport 3. Idiographic ???? (1). ? matching technique ?? expressive behavior:?????????????? ?,????????? (A). Adaptive component:?????? (B). Expressive component:????? & ?????;??? ????????????,??????? ?:??? Adaptive component-?Key???? Expressive component-- ?? vs. ?? (2).?content analysis ??????

23. Gordon W. Allport ???? 1.???? (1).concept of ego ???? ego-psychology (2).????????????????? Past ?? (3).??????,??????? 2.???? (1).????????,???? (2).Idiographic ??,????????????????,?? Ss ??????? (3).??? functional autonomy ????,????? (4).????????????????????????????????

24. Raymond Cattell Raymond Cattell ???Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. (Cattell, 1950, p.2) ???? 1. ?Factor analysis ???????? 2. Biological basis of behaviors 3. ?? personal and environment variables ??Traits ?????: 1. Source vs. surface traits Source: ?????????????, ????????????????; ???????????

25. Raymond Cattell 2. Hereditary (constitutional traits) vs. Environmental (environment-mold traits) 3. ????????? (1).Ability traits: ???????????? (2).Temperament traits: ??????????,???????????????? .

26. (3).Dynamic traits: ????????????????? ?? T data(??????:??????????????? GSR) ??? ????(erg, attitudes ? sentiments,???????(The Dynamic Lattice) Erg:???????? innate constitutional traits;?? drive, innate? 10 ? ergic (????allergic) motivation: hunger, sex, gregariousness (sociability) parental protectiveness, curiosity, security (fear) , pugnacity (aggressiveness), acquisitiveness, self-assertion, narcissi sex (general self-indulgence)

27. Attitude :??????????????????; ? environmental mold source traits. ???????????,erg ?sentiments ??????????????? Sentiments (Sem): a kind of attitude structure (??). ?environment mold traits.????????????? organized around significant social institutions ( e.g. career, religion) or people (e.g. spouse) ??????? self sentiments

28. Raymond Cattell ?????????: 1.The Dynamic Lattice erg, attitude, sentiments?????????????? (dynamics). one type of trait is subsidiary to another, or serve to facilitate the other.

30. 2.The behavioral specification equation ?????? ?:?? Forest ranger ?? ------------------------------- intelligence emotional stability dominance sociability --------------------------- weight .5 .7 0 -.8 ? ? 6 7 8 2 --------------------------- P =.5�6+.7�7+0�8+(-.8)�2=6.5�

31. 3.Conflict and Adjustment Conflict between ergs & sentiments ?:????? ????=.2E??+.6E?+.4E??+.3E??+.3M??-.4M?? E:Erg M: Sentiments 4.Syntality:?????? characteristics of the group or social context ???????,????????

32. Raymond Cattell 4.????: L-data: ???????????? Q-data:????? OT-data: objective test data ??????,?????????????

33. ?? L data (life record) and Q data (questionnaire) ??? 35 ???; ???? 16 ??? Cattell 16 PF? ???????Cattell ???????????? e.g. ?? H Parmia (boldness) vs. Threctia (shyness) Parmia ???? parasympathetic nerve ???; ??????????? Thretia : ??????, ?????

34. ??????: State concept: ??????????? emotional or mood ?? Role concept :????? Cattell ???????????????,???????????????????????

35. Raymond Cattell ?????? 1.??????????? 2.???????????????--Law of coercion to the biosocial mean. ??????????????,?????? ????:MAVA (multiple abstract variance analysis) 3.Learning ?????? ??????? dynamic lattice ??? Association (classical learning):???????Confluence (instrumental learning):??????????reward Integration :????????ergs ?????ergs ????????????

36. Raymond Cattell ??????:??technique (1). R-technique: ??????????????(measure)????,??????????? (2). P-technique: ???????????????,????????????????? (3). Q-technique: ????????????????????,??????????(cluster)???? (4). Differential R-technique: ?? R-technique ????????????,?????????????????

37. Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck:� ???? 1.????--Personality Theory, Behavior Therapy, Hereditability of Intelligence, Sexual Behavior, Astrology The Effects of Psychotherapy, Criminality, Educational Theory & Practice, Smoking & Health, ???(?RAS, ANS)???????? (1).?????????????(lasting and measurable qualities ? measurement is fundamental to all scientific advance. (2).??????? Taxonomy (????) ,????????Taxonomy;????????,?????? (3).????(?????)?(??)????? (4).?? Psychodynamic View

38. Hans Eysenck ?????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????(1971: 25) 1.Cognitive sector (intelligence) 2.Conative sector (character) 3.The affective sector(temperament) 4.The somatic sector (constitution)

39. Hans Eysenck ??????? ???????????( Generality) ?? Type: an observed constellation or syndrome of traits Trait: a collection of habitual response ????????,????? Habitual response: ???????????? specific behavior ????:

40. Hans Eysenck Type extraversion +------------+ � � � Trait Sociability Boldness Liveliness � Habitual +---------------------+ Response � � � Gives parties work as sales plan career in � person public relations � Specific +---------------------+ Response � � � Buys food Telephones friends moves furniture

44. Hans Eysenck ???????? (type) 1.Neuroticism ??Emotionality 2.Psychoticism 3.Introversion--Extraversion ?:normal-extravert--lively & responsive normal-introvert--reliable & thoughtful neurotic-extravert--touchy aggressive neurotic-introvert--anxious & pessimistic

45. Hans Eysenck ????????????? 1. Introvert vs. extravert Introvert extravert ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??

46. Hans Eysenck 2.Neuroticism: ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3.Psychoticism(? Psychosis ??) ????????????????? high Psychoticism ??-hostile?unconventional peculiar???????????????????????????????

47. ????????? 1. Pavolov ?? friendly & outgoing ?????? timid & fearful--??????? 2. Eysenck ??� -------------------------------- Automatic Nervous system cortical????? (???????) level of arousal level of arousal -------------------------------- Introvert: Normal High (? arousal) Low Neurotic High High ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Extravert: Normal Low (? arousal) Low Neurotic Low High -------------------------------- .t

48. Hans Eysenck ?:Eysenck ??: 1.extraverts ???????????,RAS? Intro�Extra???? ? Neuroticism ??ANS?????,ANS?Neuroticism????� 2.Introvert Neurotic ????anxiety neurotic extravert Neurotic????antisocial personality� 3.extravert ??????(????????),introvert ??????(?????)????????cortical excitation level ? normal extravert ??????????,?????????????

49. Hans Eysenck ??Disorder ???????????? 1.Disorders of the first kind : ?neuroticism?extravert Cortical ? ANS (emotionally reactive) ??????????????????, ? conditional fears, phobias, compulsions, obsessions

50. 2.Disorders of the Second kind: ?neuroticism?extravert?psychoticism highly emotionally reactive (ANS?), low level of control do not acquired sufficient strong fear (or guilt) reactions about their own destructive impulses and thus fail to inhibit the expression of such impulses. ?????

51. 3.Disorders of the Third dimension: Psychotism (P) ????????Psychoticism ?????? jails, reform school? high P ????????????? male sex hormones????

52. Hans Eysenck ??????:??+???? ?????????????? 1.ANS ? Cortical excitation level ??????????? 2.Neurosis ??????? unconscious conflict,??conditioned fear reaction Trauma + vulnerability ?? Fear ??generalization???????,????behavior therapy

53. Hans Eysenck ?????? ????factor analysis ?? criterion analysis 1.??: (1).??????????? (2).???????? (3).??????????????? (4).????????????????????????????????? 2.? Cattell ?? (1).? criterion analysis (2).? orthogonal rotation (Cattell ? oblique)

54. ??????? ??:active research effort, interesting hypothesis, potential ties to biology ?????: 1.factor analysis:???????????? 2.????: (1) ????,????????????????????????????????,??????????(2) ???????????? 3.?????????????,?Eysenck??,????????

55. Trait Theory ???? H. Murray: ??: 1.?????????? 2.?????"interaction process between a person and an object" ,?????????Press ????????????????? 3.???????????

56. ??(?????): 1.??Provide a set of explicitly stated psychological propositions that can generate testable hypothesis. Lindzey & Hall:??? Murray ???????????? 2.???????? 3.????Learning ???????,?????? how learning take place

57. Trait Theory ???? G. Allport: ?? 1.????????(Unique organism) (1).Idiographic Method ???????????? (2).Expressive Behavior --????? (3).??????? future-oriented, ???????(?????????) (4).Functional autonomy 2.????????

58. ?? (1).Ego-Psychology ?ego???ego?reasoned, solved problem and thought ahead (2).????????,????????????,?Self-Report, Questionnaire, analysis of documents ???????

59. G. Allport ?? 1.?????????,???????????????????,?????????? 2.Idiographic??????????????general principles 3.???????? ecological, social & situational ?????

60. 4.Allport ?? traits cannot be accounted for in terms of interaction effects, ?????????????? causal factors, ???????"primary cause of human conduct" 5.???? functional autonomy empirically 6.??????Abnormal???????infant & adult ???process 7.???????

61. Trait Theory ???? Cattell & Eysenck ????: 1.???? 2.??????????????,Eysenck??????? 3.?? Multivariate ??

62. Cattell ??: 1.????,?????????????? 2.??????,???data,data resource?? 3.Factor analysis ????� Eysenck ??: 1.??????,???????? 2 .??????????????????

63. Trait Theory ???? ??????????? ??Type A vs. Type B Friedman & Rosenman (1974)??150???? Type A ?????????????????,???????? Type B ??,Type A ????? cholesterol, catecholamine, ????,????????????????,???????????

64. Friedman, Hall, & Harris (1985)?????60????????, ??????

65. ??????????: Type A ????????? ????(Achievement striving) ???? GPA ?????????,????�??(Impatience�Irritability)????????????GPA ??

66. Type C personality: cancer prone personality cooperative, unassertive, patient, who suppresses negative emotions (particular anger), and who accepts/complies with external authorities. ????,?????,??????(?????????),???? ????:?? chemicals in the brain, which disrupt the body�s homeostatic mechanisms and impair the body�s ability to defend itself against the ability to defend itself. or ?? glucocorticoids ??? immune system. ?????????????????

68. D????? ????(Negative Affectivity): ?2. 4.5.7.9.12.13.???????,??= ????? (Social Inhibition): ?1.3.6.8.10.11.14. ???????,??= ???????10????10??,??D?????

69. ??� ??????(McClelland-Atkinson) 1.???? (1).??????????,?????? (2).?????????????????(?TAT??)

70. 2.????????(?12??) ????: ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ? ??????,????? ? ???????????,????

71. ??� 3.??????? ??????? (1).???? ?????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????? (2).????????????? Horner ????????????????????????????????????

72. ???? ????(Power) (Winter,1973) 1.?? a disposition to strive for certain kinds of goals, or to be affected by certain kinds of incentives 2.Power ????? (1).????????? (2).????????????? (3).????????????

73. ??(Power) 3.?? (1). Hope for power:????,????? (2). Fear of power:???????,?????????� 4.???? (1).??????????????? (2).?????,??????? (3).???????� 5.????????????,????????????????????

74. Trait Theory????Big five The fundamental lexical hypothesis: ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????(???????):??????????????? McCrae & Costa (1987) Big five NEOAC 1.Neuroticism/Stability ??? ??/??,??/??,??/??,???/??,???/??(hardy) 2.extraversion/Introversion ??? ??/??,????/????,??/??,??/??,????/???

75. Trait Theory????Big five 3.Openness/??? ???/??,??/???,??/??,???/??,????/???? 4.Agreeableness/Antagonism ??? ???? /???,???/???,???/???,????/???,???/??? 5.Conscientiousness???(??) ????/?????,??/???,??/??,??/??, ????/????,??/??

76. Theoretical model of Big Five 1.????????????????,??????,??????????????,??????????,???????? 2.?????????????????? (causal influence) 3.?????????????? 4.????????

77. Three issues unexplained: 1.????????????????, ????????? dynamic processes

79. 2.??????????????????,?????????????????? Twenge (2002):??1950 vs. 1990 ????????????????????????????????????? 3.??????????,???????????????????,????????????????????? between person????????????????????? within person ???(Borsboom et al, 2003)?

80. NEO-Personality Inventory?????? Big five factors ?????????? (facets)??????????,??240??

82. Big five ?????? ?????????: 1.????????????????,????????????????????? 2.indigenous approach:????????,?????????????????, ?????????:????????,(Cheung, et al., 1996)????openness??,????Dutch, Italian, Hungarian ?? ?Big five ??????????

83. ???(2004)

84. ????????????:?????????????

85. Di Blas & Forzi (1999) Italian three factors: Extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Somer & Goldberg (1999) Turkish ???????? Saucier, Hampson & goldberg (2000) ??????:????????????(????)??????????????????????????

86. ?????????: 1.????????? 2.??????????????,??????????? ???????????: Eysenck�s Psychoticism =low agreeableness+ low conscientiousness. ??????

87. Cattell 16 factors:? Big five ?? Outgoing, Assertive, Venturesome= Extraversion. Trusting, Tender-minded= Agreeableness Conscientious, Controlled, and Sober=conscientiousness Emotional, Tense, Apprehensive =Neuroticism Imaginative, Experimenting = Openness

88. ??????????????????,????????????????? ?????????????????????????? Geertz (1973) Bali:??????,?????,????,????????

89. ????????? ????:????????????????????????????,???????????????(??????????)

90. ????????? Helson et al (2000, 2002) ????????1960????????? 2000????? ????????????,???????????????????? empowered- more confident, assertive, and involved in the affective understanding of others. Srivastava et al (2003) internet survey: 31- 50?????,??????? Cramer (2003) ?????????????????????,???????????

91. ????????? 1.??????????? 2.?????????? 3.?????????????? 4.??????????????,???????????????????

92. ?????? :??????????? ??????:longitudinal stability (????????)?????? ??: 1.?????? 2.???????????? 3.???????????????,????????? ??Consistency Paradox:??????,????????(temporal consistency),????????

93. ??: (1) ????:????????????? (2) ????????:????(?????????????????????????? (3)??????????????????????????,?????????????,????????????????? (4)?????????:?????????????????????????:?????,?????????????,??????????????????? (5) ????:?????????????????? ??:????????????????(?????),????????????????(?????)????????? inter-rater ????????? ??:Self monitoring ????

94. ??????????????????? ????????????,???????????? (1).???????????? (2). ???????????Implicit personality theories (3). ????Cognitive bias: ?????,?????????? (4). Behavioral coherence vs. consistency ??????????????????????????:????????,???????????? (5)????????????????,????????

95. ??? Allport, Cattell, Eysenck ????????????????????(?????????)??????????????? ????????????????????????????????(????:fundamental lexical hypothesis)? ???????????????? ?????????,????????????,???????????????????????????