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VERTEBRATES. When dinosaurs (& others) roamed the Earth…. VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata. GENERAL VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS: Vertebrates = an animal with a backbone All vertebrates belong to the Phylum Chordata . Vertebrates live nearly everywhere (ocean, freshwater, land, air).
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VERTEBRATES When dinosaurs (& others) roamed the Earth…
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata GENERAL VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS: • Vertebrates = an animal with a backbone • All vertebrates belong to the Phylum Chordata. • Vertebrates live nearly everywhere (ocean, freshwater, land, air)
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata • They have an endoskeleton, including a skull, backbone and jointed appendages • Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a chambered heart.
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata • Vertebrates have a complex nervous system • They can be: • Oviparous = egg birth (Ex. birds) • Viviparous = live birth (Ex. humans) • Ovoviviparous = egg live birth (Ex. snakes)
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata • The classes of vertebrates:
VERTEBRATES: Phylum Chordata Terms to know: • Ectothermic- an animal whose body temperature is determined by its environment. • Endothermic- an animal that generates its own body heat.
CLASS AGNATHA Hagfish
CLASS AGNATHA • Lampreys & hagfish • These are the jawless fish • They are slippery, eel-like animals with no scales • They do not have fins Lamprey
CLASS AGNATHA • Agnathans have a 2-chambered heart and are ectothermic. • Their skeleton is comprised of cartilage. • Emit slime for defense Hagfish slime
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES • Sharks & rays • This class includes animals with jaws and teeth • Their skeleton is made of cartilage and they have paired fins. Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES • These animals have a 2-chambered heart and are ectothermic. • They live in salt water (ocean) • Fertilization is internal Manta ray
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES • Sharks are covered with scales and have sharp spines • They have a keen sense of smell and can sense vibrations made in the water miles away! Shark
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES Shark Anatomy
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES • Rays have flattened, kite-like bodies and smooth skin.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES • Largest class of vertebrates (over 29,000 species!!) • Includes all fish like perch, bass, salmon, swordfish, etc. • These are bony fish that have jaws. Swordfish
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES • Bony fish have a 2-chambered heart • Ectothermic • They breathe using gills covered by a plate called an operculum • This plate keeps unwanted water from entering the gills
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES • Fish utilize a swim bladder, which is a gas-filled organ. • By adjusting the volume of gas in the swim bladder, a fish can maintain the correct amount of buoyancy needed for a particular depth of water. Swim bladder
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES • Bony fish utilize a lateral line system for detecting changes in water pressure and vibrations. • They have both dorsal and anal fins that serve to keep the fish from rolling and help it stay straight in the water.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES • Fish also have a both pelvic and pectoral fins, which they use for balancing and turning. • Their caudal fin propels them through the water. • Reproduction: fertilization takes place externally.
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES Caudal Fin
CLASS AMPHIBIA • Amphibians include animals such as frogs, toads, salamanders and newts. • Their name means “living 2 ways” so they live on land and in water. Salamander
CLASS AMPHIBIA • They have a bony skeleton. • Amphibians have a 3-chambered heart and are ectothermic. • These animals evolved legs which they use for walking and swimming. • Most larval forms have gills, but by adulthood the gills are replaced by lungs (think tadpole frog)
CLASS AMPHIBIA Frog Life Cycle
CLASS AMPHIBIA • Amphibians have thin, moist skin with no scales. This feature allows them to breathe through their skin ( or perform cutaneous respiration).
CLASS AMPHIBIA • Amphibian fertilization is external (outside the body) and eggs require a wet environment. • Frogs & toads are tailless, but salamanders & newts have tails. • Most amphibians are carnivores. Newt
QUIZ ALERT! Study for an upcoming quiz next class over the Vertebrate notes we have covered thus far!
CLASS REPTILIA • This class includes animals like snakes, alligators, crocodiles, turtles and dinosaurs. • Reptiles can complete their entire life cycle on land
CLASS REPTILIA • Dinosaurs are extinct reptiles that are thought to have been eliminated when a huge meteor struck the Earth and blocked out the sun. • Without sun for heat & food, dinosaurs began to die off and eventually became extinct.
CLASS REPTILIA • The reptilian egg (called an amniotic egg) is adapted for land – it is water- tight and contains its own supply of water.
CLASS REPTILIA • A reptile egg consists of the following: • YOLK SAC- provides nutrients to baby • ALLONTOIS- holds wastes products • AMNION- keeps embryo moist & protects it from injury • CHORION- outermost layer; lets oxygen in & keeps water in
CLASS REPTILIA • Most reptiles have tough, dry, leathery skin covered in scales (snakes have scales but tend to have moist skin) • Most have a 3-chambered heart, but some have 4
CLASS REPTILIA • Reptiles use internal fertilization • Their skeleton is made entirely of bone
CLASS REPTILIA • They have lungs throughout their life • Ectothermic (many often “sunbathe” to regulate their body temperature
CLASS REPTILIA • Turtles (live in water) and tortoises (live on land) • Bony shell is part of their skeleton • Toothless, but jaws have sharp edges • Are almost deaf, but sense of smell is well-developed.
CLASS REPTILIA: Lizards • Lizards are covered in scales & shed their skin periodically • They have moveable eyelids & an ear opening • Most are carnivores
CLASS REPTILIA: Snakes • Are covered with scales, smooth skin • Eyes are always open (no eyelids) • A transparent scale protects the eye • All are carnivores
CLASS REPTILIA • Snakes swallow their prey whole by unhinging their upper & lower jaws from each other. • Their teeth slant backward to hold their prey & prevent it from escaping.
CLASS REPTILIA • Very few species of snakes are poisonous (only 30% are). • Poison works in 2 ways: • Rattlesnakes, copperheads & cottonmouths: Venom affects the circulatory system causing blood clots & the destruction of capillaries
CLASS REPTILIA • Cobras, sea snakes and coral snakes: Venom affects the nervous system and causes paralysis in its’ victims Coral snake
CLASS REPTILIA: Crocodilians • Crocodiles have long, slender snouts and are more aggressive • Their teeth show when their mouth is closed Crocodile skulls
CLASS REPTILIA • Alligators have shorter, round snouts
CLASS REPTILIA • All crocodilians have nostrils, ear openings and eyes set high atop their head (for floating in the water) • Another feature they have in common is that they care for their young
CLASS REPTILIA Crocs vs. Gators
CLASS AVES • Class Aves includes all bird species • Birds use feathers for flight & warmth • Have hollow bones (pneumatic) which gives them a lightweight skeleton
CLASS AVES • Birds have a beak, but no teeth • They also have an efficient respiratory system and a four-chambered heart • Endothermic Snowy owl
