EU and Russia

1. EU and Russia the instruments of trade policy and the political and economic impact for both partners

2. Introduction – the historical and political background of EU-Russia co-operation The most important dates are: • 24 June 1994, when the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement was signed • It entered into force on 1 December 1997 • May 31 in St. Petersburg during the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the city hosted the meeting where four common spaces of mutual cooperation were established

3. Geographical background and arrangement of natural resources Russia European Union politico – economic union of 28 states less that one-half the size of US • singular country • is approximately 1.8 times the size of the US !!

4. Natural resources • Russia now produces 20 % of the world’s natural gas • Oil is also a valuable commodity ! • Russia is self-sufficient in all major industrial raw materials, and contains reserves of less essential, but nevertheless significant, natural resources, including diamonds and gold. • Energy is a very important element in the EU-Russia relationship.

5. COMMON SPACES • Economic • Freedom, Security and Justice • External Security • Research, Education, Culture

6. First Sector of Co-operation – Economic Space A short extract from the CES Concept: • The purpose of CES establishment is creation conditions for stable and effective development of the member-states economics and improvement of life quality of the population. • The underlying principles of the CES operation are securing free transfer of commodities, services, capital and manpower across the borders of the member-states. • The principle of free commodity transfer stipulates elimination of exemptions from free market mode and removing mutual trade constraints based on customs tariffs standardization, establishing common customs tariff prescribed on the ground of the procedure coordinated by the member-states, non-tariff regulation measures, application of regulating tools for trading with the third countries CES is being formed gradually by integration level increase, through synchronization of economy transformation performed by the member-states, joint measures on pursuing coordinated economic policy.

7. First Sector of Co-operation – Economic Space • Integration directions and their realization efforts are defined based on the corresponding international agreements and CES authorities’ decisions stipulating their full-scale executive force for each member-state as well as their implementation arrangement and liability for non-performance of the concerted decisions. • Formation and operation of CES is carried out taking into account WTO (World Trade Organization) rules and guidelines. • CES formation procedures coordination is performed by the relevant bodies established on the basis of separate international agreements. The bodies are structured in respect of integration levels. • The legal platform for forming and operation of CES are international agreements and CES bodies’ decisions, concluded and made with due account for interests and legislation of the member-states and in line with generally recognized norms and principles of international law.

8. Russia’s accession to the WTO On December 16th, 2011, the Eight Ministerial conference of the WTO (which is the highest body of the WTO) formally approved through unanimous voting the accession package of the Russian Federation to the WTO. The process, which at some of its stages seemed to be long drawn, had been completed. Formally, Russia has been negotiating with GATT/WTO members over 18 years. No other member of the WTO needed such a lengthy negotiation period before acceding to the WTO. Another record set by Russia is the number of member states (over 60) which participated in the Working Party of Russia’s accession negotiations. The goal of Russian negotiators was to ensure accession terms appropriate for the country.

9. Second Sector of Co-operation – Freedom, Security and Justice The Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice (FSJ)is also the subject of a long and detailed text. The common commitments made towards combating international crime, drug trafficking and terrorism have a more vivid content. This second space is sprinkled with quite numerous points for concrete cooperation between Russian security agencies and the growing number of EU agencies, such as Europol, Euro just and the anti-terrorism special representative. Here the EU and Russia face common threats, and so the search for useful cooperation can proceed.

10. Third Sector of Co-operation - External Security There are 5 priority areas for enhancing EU-Russia cooperation: • Strengthening dialogue and cooperation on the international scene • Thefightagainstterrorism • Non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, strengthening export control regimes and disarmament • Cooperationincrisis management • Cooperation in the field of civil protection

11. Fourth Sector of Co-operation – Research, Education and Culture The EU and Russia have agreed to reinforce their cooperation in the area of external security as they both have a particular responsibility for security and stability on the European continent and beyond.

12. Fourth Sector of Co-operation – Research, Education and Culture There are 5 priority areas for enhancing EU-Russia cooperation: • Strengthening dialogue and cooperation on the international scene • Thefightagainstterrorism • Non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, strengthening export control regimes and disarmament • Cooperationincrisis management • Cooperation in the field of civil protection

13. EU-Russia Energy Cooperation Energy Dialogue European Union and the Russian Federation provided was as a mechanism for bilateral cooperation. According to the declaration adopted on the EU-Russia summit in October 2000. seeks to solve "All issues of mutual interest". The result of the next summit in 2001 was a joint declaration setting out the priorities dialogue: • - Improvement of the legal basis of cooperation in the energy sector; • - Ensuring the security of the transmission; • - Securing long-term contracts for the supply of raw materials energy;

14. Summary and current situation The European-Russian relations have been of great importance and characterized by a mutual interdependence. Gradual improvements in the relations in the recent years have been today overshadowed by the crisis in Ukraine and its effects. This crisis in the relations between Russia and the European Union in particular creates for politicians, the businesses and community experts a new and big challenge to summarize different experiences of the interaction between …

15. … two parties to revive the dialogue and cooperation in various fields. Over the time despite strong ties between the societies the Economic cooperation has been a successful transition belt for deepening the relations and therefore of special importance. The experts discuss the issues of a modern framework of European Security, peculiarities of the energy dialogue, as well as future developments of energy resources and efficiency and perspectives of integration projects in and around Eurasia and to share knowledge and improve the mutual understanding. Topic of political and economical situation in Russia is leading one in media all around the World

16. Bibliography • “Gospodarka w relacjach Unia Europejska – Federacja Rosyjska” Ewa Szkop, Uniwersytet Warszawski • www.kas.de/eu-russland-dialog/en/events/61322/ • www.economist.com • www.bbc.com • www.swiat.neewsweek.pl • http://ec.europa.eu