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Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences

Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences. Dr. A.S. Hashim. Surah Al-Fajr: the # 9 revealed Surah. Surah Al-Fajr was revealed in the early weeks of Islamic Mission, About: 15 years before Ramadhan became a fasting month 21 years before Haj was demonstrated by the Prophet (pbuh)

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Karbala: Aftermath and Consequences

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  1. Karbala:Aftermath and Consequences Dr. A.S. Hashim

  2. Surah Al-Fajr: the # 9 revealed Surah • Surah Al-Fajr was revealed in the early weeks of Islamic Mission, About: • 15 years before Ramadhan became a fasting month • 21 years before Haj was demonstrated by the Prophet (pbuh) • 84 years before Karbala events took place

  3. Surah Al-Fajr, Tafseer

  4. Subjects Discussed in the Slide Show 1. Immediate Period 3. Long Term 2. Intermediate Period

  5. The Aftermath of Karbala

  6. Immediate Period of Karbala Aftermath • Immediate Period after Karbala deals with: • Head of Imam Al-Husain whether in: • Karbala • Damascus or • Cairo • Commemoration: Held Privately, locally, confidentially • Revolts • Ibn Zubair • Al-Tawwaboon • Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain • Building the Shrine

  7. Artist Rendering: Captives to Damascus

  8. Intermediate Period of: Karbala Aftermath: 2. The Sanctuary 3. The Commemoration 1. Revolts Karbala Aftermath Karbala is the Centerpiece for Islam Symbolizes the Struggle against Oppression and Injustice Throughout all Ages

  9. Intermediate Period of: Karbala Aftermath: • Intermediate period after Karbala • Al-Ridha (around 202H): Makes Commemoration Public (Majlis in the houses) • Destruction of Al-Husain’s Shrine (around 247H): • Al-Mutawak’kil: By the 3rd try • Rebuilding the shrine by al-Mun'tasir • Commemoration: • Publicly Parading, Al-Buwayhi period (around 375H) • Expanding the Shrine • Karbala as a town

  10. Late Period of:Karbala Aftermath: • Up to Nowadays • Commemoration held world wide by the Shi'a • Asia • Europe • America: North and South America • Australia • Fasting (Celebrated) by the Sunni: • Moses crossing the sea (most Sunni reports). • Abdul Qadir Gailani (One Sunni report) claims events of Adam, Noah, Ibrahim, Moses, Ayyub, Yusuf, Yunus, Dawood, Suleiman, Jesus, and Husain: took place then.

  11. The Captors to DamascusThe Head of Imam Husain

  12. Artist Rendering: Zaiul Abideen in Yazid’s Court

  13. Immediate Period #1(Head of al-Husain) • Immediate Period after Karbala • Head of Al-Husain, Resting Place: • Karbala: at the Shrine • Damascus: Special Room in al-Masjid al-Umawi • Cairo: Al-Husain’s Shrine

  14. Masjid al-Umawi

  15. Masjid al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt In Cairo Egypt

  16. Masjid of al-Husain: Cairo, Egypt In Cairo Egypt

  17. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala In Karbala, Iraq

  18. The Revolts and chasing the main Killers of Imam Husain

  19. Immediate Period #2:The Revolts The Revolts 1. Ibn Zubair in Hijaz: Revolts against Yazid 2. Al-Tawwaboon: 4 yrs after Karbala, they fight unto death 3. Al-Mukhtar: 5-6 yrs after Karbala, Kills all if not most of the ones who fought Al-Husain, including all the leaders: Shimr, Omar ibn Sa’ad, and Ibn Ziyad

  20. Immediate Period #2:The Revolts • Immediate Period after Karbala • Al-Tawwaboon during Marwan’s Reign: fight Benu Umayya unto death, 4,000 (Some claim 16,000) • Al-Mukhtar avenging for Al-Husain: Killing just about all who fought Al-Husain especially: • Omar ibn Sa’ad • Shimr • Obaidullah ibn Ziyad • Rules Iraq for more than a year: during Abdul Malik’s reign • Al-Mukhtar builds the rudimentary Shrine for Imam Husain • Houses were built around, the beginning of town of Karbala

  21. Artist Rendering: Al-Mukhtar

  22. The Commemoration and Keeping Karbala Alive through the AgesTo be the Glue that Holds the Shi’a Together

  23. Immediate Period #3(The Commemoration) • Immediate Period after Karbala • Commemoration: To hold Majlis, confidential, local, every year, in people’s houses, was urged by: • Zainul Abideen, • Al-Baaqir, • Al-Saadiq then • Subsequent Imams • To Discuss the events of Karbala and the cause against oppression and mischief, and hold to the ideals of Imam Husain • The Commemoration was a stroke of genius that proved to be the glue that holds the Shi’a together over the centuries

  24. Zainul Abideen:To keep Karbala Alive Zainul Abideen urged people: • To visit the site of Karbala • To observe the anniversary of Karbala • In Sujood to touch a clean Turbah • Used a logo:  May the Killer of Al‑Husain Ibn Ali be Debased and Defiled. • Mention Al-Husain often, cry, and make people cry too, thus actively participating on behalf of Al-Husain

  25. The 4 Phases of Commemoration The Commemorations

  26. The Evolution of Commemoration 2. For 174 Yrs in Public and Private Homes in the Open 1. For 140 yrs Confidential in Private Homes only Karbala Aftermath 4. For 500 yrs In Processions with Excessive Practices 3. For 600 yrs In Processions Evolution of Commemoration

  27. About the Commemoration • Zainul Abideen, Al-Baaqir, Al-Saadiq, and subsequent Imams had emphasized it • Was Confidential, in people’s houses • Made Public due to Al-Ridha effort: around 202H, also in people’s houses • Parading in the Streets during Buwayhi rule in 4th century Hijrah and afterwards • To the excessive during Safawi period • Even more extreme nowadays

  28. Karbala: Keeps on • The Culture of Karbala Keeps on and on: • Majlis and lectures • Commemoration: Mourning the occasion • The Sanctuary Continues despite adversities by: • Al-Mutawak’kil • The Ottomans • The Wahhabis • Saddam Hussein

  29. The SanctuaryIts evolution and Progress

  30. The Sanctuary During the 1st 247 Years 1. No Sanctuary 2. Al-Mukhtar Structure By 247H: Al-Mun’tasir Rebuilds 6. Al-Mutawak’kil Demolishes 3. Al-Saffah Dome & Roof 5. Al-Amin Rebuilds 4. Al-Rasheed Demolishes

  31. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain: Up to 247H

  32. The Sanctuary During the Years 280H-780H:Next 500 Years 1. By 280H: A Dome and 2 roofs 2. Udh'd al-Dawla Dome & Gallaries 7. 780H Jalaa’iri erects 2 Golden Minarets 6. Jalaa’iri remodels dome & Enclosure 3. Enclosure of Sepulcher 5. Nasir Deenul-Allah Rebuilds Enclosure 4. Damaged by fire; then Rebuilt

  33. The Sanctuary of Imam Al-Husain #2

  34. The Sanctuary During the Years 920H-1232H:Next 312 Years 1. By 920H: Ismail Safawi, the Tomb 2. Abbas Safawi constructs dharih 7. By 1232H Ali Shah Qajar repairs Dharih 6. Wahhabis spoil Dharih & portico, & loot 3. Murad IV whitewashes the dome 5. Qajar covers the dome with gold. 4. Nadir Shah decorates

  35. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #3

  36. The Sanctuary During the Years 1283H-1420HNext 137 Years 1. By 1283H: Qajar: Extend Courtyard 5. By 1420H Saddam Hussein attacks the shrine and massacres 2. Bohra community Enclosure solid Silver 4. Al-Khalsi extends courtyard and builds a Road 3. Bohra community rebuilt western minaret

  37. The Shrine of Imam Al-Husain #4

  38. Shrine of Al-Husain: Karbala In Karbala, Iraq

  39. Numerical Perspective: (1996): SHI’A …………………………………………..… ….. 282 Millions SUNNI: • Hanafi …………….……………………...…………. 380 Millions • Maaliki ………………………………………………. 305 Millions • Shafi’i ……………………………………………….. 190 Millions • Hanbali …………………………………….......…….. 52 Millions

  40. Iman (Belief)

  41. Rituals (Ibadat)

  42. The Tender Heart of Husain

  43. Ghandi about Imam Husain

  44. Quran: Chapter 5, Verse 48

  45. Finally Let us Read Surah al-Asr Together

  46. Be in Allah’s Care Thank you and May God Bless you. Dr. A.S. Hashim

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