Toxicity of Daphnia to Manganese Compared to Manganese Concentrations in Local Waters

1. Toxicity of Daphnia to Manganese Compared to Manganese Concentrations in Local Waters Kristel Fijolek Senior Capstone, Spring 2005

2. Overview • Introduction and Background • Hypothesis • Materials and Methods • Results • Conclusion

3. Introduction and Background • Manganese • Found in the natural environment • Range found in potable water: 0.0019 – 0.0091 mg/L • Range found in environmental fresh water: 0.00097 – 1.835 mg/L • Levels increase with acid mine drainage • Eramet ~ 4,000,000 pounds/yr into the air

4. Introduction and Background continued Eramet, Rt. 7.

5. Introduction and Background continued • Manganese • Toxicity causes Parkinson’s like symptoms • Normal blood level < 10 µg/L • Can move up the food chain by concentrating in the tissues – passed on to the organism which eats it

6. Introduction and Background continued • Daphnia magna as bioindicators • Require little space and care • Easy to acquire and inexpensive • Short life cycle • Important link in the food chain • Sensitive to toxins • Commonly used in acute toxicity studies

7. Introduction and Background continued http://www.cisba.it/images/DaphniaMagna.gif

8. Hypothesis • My questions: • How much of the manganese in the air is getting into the water? • What is the LC50 for Daphnia, and how does this compare with local manganese levels? • Null hypothesis

9. Materials and Methods • 48 hour acute toxicity testing • 20 Daphnia per culture dish – number dead counted per dish and averaged per concentration • 3 dishes per MnSO4 concentration • Testing carried out in culture medium and filtered Ohio River water

10. Materials and Methods continued Daphnia cultures

11. Materials and Methods continued • Daphnia culture medium • CaSO4* H2O: 192 mg/L • NaHCO3: 192 mg/L • MgSO4: 120 mg/L • KCl: 8 mg/L

12. Materials and Methods continued Dosing set-up

13. Materials and Methods continued • Analysis of water samples Perkin-Elmer 1100B Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - Limit of detection: 0.052 mg/L www.york.ac.uk/depts/eeem/pics/photos/Dept/perkinelmeraa.jpg

14. Materials and Methods continued

15. Materials and Methods continued • All samples filtered through Whatman # 1 filter paper • Ohio River • Veto Lake • Marietta College tap water

16. Results – acute toxicity RW and CM: Y = .0233 X + 11.442

17. Results – LC50 • From the equations of the trendlines, 50 (% dead) used for the Y value to calculate LC50 • LC 50 in river water: 165 mg/L • LC 50 in culture medium: 165 mg/L

18. Results – water analysis

19. Results – water analysis • Veto Lake – below limit of detection • Ohio River – below limit of detection • Tap water – below limit of detection • Limit of detection: 0.052 mg/L

20. Conclusion • LC50 for Daphnia was much higher than the Mn levels found in the water samples. • Mn levels in the water samples were not high enough to kill Daphnia

21. Acknowledgements • Dr. Brown, Dr. McShaffrey, and the Marietta College biology department. • Photographs (unless otherwise indicated) by Bill Fijolek

22. References • Carroll, KC, Lopez, DL, and Stoertz MW. 2003. Solute Transport at Low Flow in an Acid Stream in Appalachian Ohio. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 144:195-222. • Centers for Disease Control. Health Consultation. Washington County Air Quality (a/k/a Marietta Air Emissions) Marietta, Washington County, Ohio. 7 Sept. 2004. <www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/PHA/marietta/wca_pl.html> • Crompton TR. 1997. Toxicants in the Aqueous Ecosystem. West Sussex, England: Wiley & Sons. • Environmental Defense. Scorecard. 13 Sept. 2004. <www.scorecard.org>

23. References continued • Environmental Inquiry. Bioassays Using Daphnia. 28 Aug. 2004. http://ei.cornell.edu/toxicology/bioassays/daphnia/ analyze.asp> • Guilhermino L, Diamantino M, Silva C, and Soares AMVM. 2000. Acute Toxicity Test with Daphniamagna: An Alternative to Mammals in the Prescreening of Chemical Toxicity? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 46: 357-362. • Miller WE, Greene, JR, and Shiroyama T. 1978, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory. • Rand, G. ed. 1995. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment. Washington DC: Taylor and Francis.

24. Questions?