China’s Long History

1. China’s Long History World Studies Summer School

2. 4000 years of history • Civilizations grew between two rivers. • Yellow River and Yangtze • Anyang first early city of importance • Chinese culture grows • Importance of Family • Respect for parents • Social Classes divided between nobles and peasants • Development of writing • Characters are similar today as they were 4000 years ago

3. Dynastic Cycle • Dynasty gains power establishes peace, people believe they have Mandate of Heaven • Dynasty declines becomes corrupt, raises taxes, power weakens • Disasters cause peasants to revolt and invasions to occur • Dynasty loses mandate to heaven Rebellion is justified • Dynasty overthrown through bloodshed, new dynasty emerges • New Dynasty gains power restores peace and order and claims mandate of heaven.

4. First Great Dynasties • Zhou (Joh) • One of first large Chinese Dynasties • Establishes system called Feudalism • Nobles granted use of land by King who owns ALL land. • Those who work and live on land are protected by nobles and must be loyal to king. • They must provide military service when asked. • Local Lords grow in power and become less dependent on King

5. Zhou Innovations • Roads and canals built for agriculture and trade • Coined money first introduced • Iron first used

6. Zhou at War • Due to size and weakened by the loss of their ruler in 771 BC. Zhou begin to deteriorate into warring states loyal only to their local noble. • Dynastic cycle about to begin again. • Zhou rule – 1027 – 256 B.C.

7. Confucius 551- 479 B.C. • Born at time of crisis in China • Desire to restore moral living of earlier times and bring back values of family • This can be achieved through 5 basic relationships • Ruler and subject • Father and son • Husband and wife • Older and younger siblings • Friend and friend • A code of conduct to regulate each relationship • Example Ruler practices kindness. In return subjects should be loyal and abide by law.

8. Confucius and the Family • Three of the 5 Relationships involve family • Filial piety – respect for parents and ancestors • Most important and children should dedicate themselves to their parents during their lifetime. • Also honoring parents after their death

9. Confucius and Government • Wanted to show rulers how to govern wisely • Impressed by his wisdom, Duke of Lu appoints him minister of Justice. • According to legend, Confucius overwhelmed people with his kindness and courtesy that overnight crime vanished • When the Duke changed his ways he resigned.

10. Confucius and Education • Education could transform a person into a gentleman • Believed a trained civil service could run government • Education became important to work in government • Confucius spent the rest of his life teaching. • His students later collected his words in a book called the Analects • Not a religion but an ethical way to live your life based on the premise of right and wrong • Becomes foundation for Chinese social order and spreads throughout southeast Asia

11. Qin (chihn) Dynasty • 3rd century BC • Leagalism • Provide rich rewards for those who follow and carryout orders • Unites country and new Dynasty begins • Shi Huangdi • Takes control 221BC • Policy of strengthening central authority • Forces all nobles to live in capital • This allows him to keep a closer eye on all those who could rise up to oppose him. (friends close, enemies closer) • Prevents criticism by murdering Confucian scholars • Orders “useless” books burned • Education not as important as following orders

12. Centralization and Great Wall • Advancements due to Centralization • Roads built • Standard unit of measurements • Standard writing • Standard currency • Standard law • Great Wall • To protect great new empire he forces poor to work on new defensive wall. • Earlier leaders had built smaller walls in different areas. • He wanted them combined, enlarged to cover the entire northern border. • Hundreds of thousands die building wall. • Peasants not paid – Build it or die – Many died anyway • Qin Dynasty Short but effective and Falls in 202 BC • Shi Huangdi’s Son’s prove ineffective leaders and Dynastic Cycle begins again

13. Han Dynasty • 202 BC Rules China for 400 years • Han Dynasty broken into two parts • Approx. 200 years each • First Han • Follows idea of centralized Government • Establishes Local HUBS called Commanderies to rule local areas • Lower taxes and harsh punishments • Become very popular • Embrace Confucianism

14. 2nd Han • First Han fall due to Rich taking advantage of the poor. • Han overthrown briefly, and chaos ensued for 40 years • Strong leader needed to restore stability • Han royal family steps back in and takes control 23 AD. • Restore order and prosperity returns for 200 more years till 220 AD • Han eventually disintegrate into 3 rival kingdoms

15. Assignment • Questions: p.100 #3-6 p.107 #3-5

16. Tang Dynasty 618-907 • Conquers and expands land united. • Create powerful man made canals that provide increased trade and communication • Expand and re-vive civil service examinations begun by Han. • Bring back centralized power • Due to growing costs of government, raise taxes and lose power. • Fall to armies from central Asia 907

17. Tang and Song innovations • Moveable type • Leads to increased learning especially in mathematics • Agricultural improvements • Double harvest of Rice • Trade through shipping on coast as far as India and into pacific. • Golden age of poetry and art

18. Song Dynasty 960-1279 • Does not re-gain western lands lost. • Attempts buying peace with northern and western enemies and attempt to rule smaller empire • While the Song were mostly focused in South and especially on the coast, they thrived. • Trade with foreigners had begun • Conquered by Mongols

19. The Mongols Invade • Kublai Khan Conquers China 1279 • First foreigner to rule entire country • Founds new Dynasty called Yuan • Unites China for first time in 300 years • Moves his capital to new Square Palace in what is now Beijing. • Restored the grand canal • Increased foreign trade • Meets Marco Polo • Kublai dies 1294 • None of the successors were able to replicate his power and control. Empire declines

20. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 • Ended Mongol Rule • Determined not to allow outsiders to threaten peace and prosperity in empire • Return to Confucianism and moral standards • Trade with outsiders severely restricted • Allowed only in certain areas on coast • Where it was allowed though it flourished • Chinese goods were becoming very popular in Europe

21. Fall of Ming and Rise of Qing • Ming falls weak due to corruption and growing power in the north from Manchus. • Manchus seize Beijing and their leader becomes new emperor • Qing dynasty will rule till its fall in 1908 • Opens country to Europeans • Leads to Empires downfall as they become more and more dependent upon European trade. • Opium

22. Imperial China Collapses • Early 1900s China had been facing years of foreign humiliation • Economy and trade controlled by foreign countries • Many Chinese believed modernizing was the way • Others believe a return to traditional ways was best

23. Qing Overthrown • 1911 – Nationalist forces overthrow last Emperor • Sun Yixian becomes President of new republic of China • 3 Principles • Nationalism • Democracy • Economic Security • Does NOT have power to unify country

24. Assignment • Questions: p.374 #3-6 p.382 #3-5 p.465 #3-4 p.777 #3-5

25. Nationalism and Democracy vs. Communism • Who would be able to unite Country? • Mao Zedong • Founder of Communist Party • Peasants love • Jiang Jieshi • Nationalist Leader • Business and Trade • Intellectuals

26. Civil War for Control Begins • U.S. recognize Nationalist government • Nationalist nearly defeat communists in 1927 • Communists barely survive through 1930s • 1937 changes everything • Japan invades Manchuria • WWII Begins and sides must work together to defeat them.

27. Nationalists Southern China U.S. Support Goal – Defeat Communists Weak due to failing post-war economy Corruption in leadership Communists Northern China Soviet Support Goal – National Liberation Strong Peasant Support Experienced leadership and highly motivated Post WWII – Communists come to power

28. Civil War Resumes 1946-47 • Nationalist did little to win popular support • As China’s economy collapsed, thousands of Nationalist soldiers deserted for communists • Spring 1949 Red forces claim major cities • Mao promises to return land to peasants. • Makes him wildly popular • October 1949 remnants of Jiang’s government flee to Taiwan • Mao proclaims Peoples republic of China October 1949

29. Communist China • Mao expands China • Tibet, parts of India, and Mongolia claimed by China and Army. • Tibet is promised Freedom • Never comes • Still seeks freedom to this day • Mao claims New “Mandate of Heaven” • Helps to win over more traditional Chinese • Communist party members only 1 percent of country

30. Great Leap Forward • Great Leap Forward – 1958 • Called for Communes or large Farms • Average commune supported by 25,000 people covering 15,000 acres • Life strictly Controled • NO private ownership • Huge failure • Poor planning and inefficient home industries prevent growth. • Famine cause by crop failures kill 20 million in 1961

31. Cultural Revolution – 1966-68 • Establish society of peasants and workers who were all equal • Led by “Red Guard” Mostly high school and college age students who leave school to “Change China” • Intellectual and artistic activity considered useless and dangerous • Red Guard shuts down colleges and schools • Intellectuals had to purify themselves by doing hard labor in remote villages • Thousands were executed or imprisoned • Mao realizes his error in 1968 and uses Army to put down Red Guard and Cultural Revolution

32. 1970s – China reopens doors • Relations between U.S. and China were poor since 1949 when the U.S. refused to recognize the Communist government • Zhou Enlai – Communist Premier – Worried about China’s Isolation from the world. • 1971 – U.S. Table Tennis team invited to tour country. • 1971 – U.S. reverses policy and endorses UN membership for Peoples Republic of China. • 1972 – Nixon Visits China

33. Mao and Zhou Die • 1976 China loses it’s 2 most influential leaders. • Deng Xiaoping takes over • Supports more moderate economic policies • Willing to use capitalist ideas • 4 Modernizations • Called for progress in Agriculture, industry, defense, and Science and Technology. • Eliminates communes ad leases land to individuals. • This system increased production by 50% from 1978-1984

34. China Begins to Modernize • Deng welcomes Foreign technology and investment. • People begin buying western goods, TV’s, Appliances. • Western Style clothes and music become popular with the youth. • New Hotels filled with tourists show new emphasis on tourism industry.

35. Growing Pains • Unexpected Problems • As standards improved, the gap between poor and rich widened. • Communist Party officials began to cash in on their positions. • Students demand Democracy • 1989 students spark uprising that surprised China’s leaders. • 100,000 Students occupied Tiananmen Square. Win popular support and call for Democracy • Deng declares martial law and orders Army to surround Square. Most students leave. 5000 remain • June 4th 1989 Standoff comes to an end as Army ordered to storm square. Tanks and soldiers destroy square and hundreds die and thousands wounded. • Becomes known as Tiananmen Square Massacre

36. Assignment • Questions: • P.873 #3-5 • P.991 #3-4 • P.1080 #3,6