PEDU 6210 Education Policy and Society

1. PEDU 6210Education Policy and Society Topic 5 Education Policy for Social Integration: Education for Citizenship and/or Nationality

2. MNE Controversies Round 1

3. MNE Controversies Round 2 29 July 2011 5 May 2011

4. MNE Controversies Round 3 30 April 2012 25 May 2012

5. MNE Controversies Round 4

6. Putting the MNE discourse in the Perspective of the Sociology of Education • “Each society sets up a certain idea of man, of what he should be, as much from the intellectual point of view as the physical and moral; that this ideal is, to a degree, the same for all the citizens; that beyond a certain point it becomes differentiated according to the particular milieux that every society contains in its structure. It is this ideal, at the same time one and various, that is the focus of education. Its function, then, is to arouse in the child: (1) a certain number of physical and mental states that the society to which he belongs considers should not be lacking in any of its members; (2) certain physical and mental states that the particular social group (caste, class, family, profession) considers, equally, ought to be found among all those who make it up. …Society can survive only if there exists among its members a sufficient degree of homogeneity; education perpetuates and reinforces this homogeneity by fixing in the child, from the beginning, the essential similarities that collective life demands. But on the other hand, without a certain diversity all co-operation would be impossible; education assures the persistence of this necessary diversity by being itself diversified and specialized.” (Durkheim, 2006/1911, p. 79-80)

7. Putting the MNE Discourse in the Perspective of the Sociology of Curriculum • “Formal educational knowledge can be considered to be realized through three message system: curriculum, pedagogy, and evaluation. Curriculum defines what courts as valid knowledge, pedagogy defines what courts as valid transmission of knowledge, and evaluation defines what counts as a valid realization of this knowledge on the part of the taught. …How a society selects, classifies, distributes, transmits, and evaluates the educational knowledge it considers to be public reflects both the distribution of power and the principles of social control within that society.” (Basil Bernstein, Knowledge and Control, 1970, p. 47)

8. Social Integration Project under the Institutional Context of Modern Nation-State • Nation-State as the Universal-Global Unit of Modern World System • Theory of state formation and education policy as means for state formation • Theory of nation building and education policy as means for nation building • Dialectic of projects of citizenship and nationality developments: The dilemma of education policies

9. Conditional realism/ constructionism Natural-essential realism Arbitrary constructionism Historical socio-political realities The State: an assembly of apparatuses of power, coercion & sovereignty The Nation: a community of sentiment & solidarity Citizenship as its constituent elements National identity as its constituent elements Citizenship as entitlement of rights & obligations National identity as sense of belonging & moral commitment

10. The Dispute between Constructionism & Realism • The conditional constructionism/realism • One of the points of departure for the resolution in fact can be found in the first two sentences of Karl Marx’s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852). He wrote “Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living.” (1852)

11. The State: an assembly of apparatuses of power, coercion & sovereignty The Nation: a community of sentiment & solidarity Citizenship as its constituent elements National identity as its constituent elements Citizenship as entitlement of rights & obligations National identity as sense of belonging & moral commitment Liberal-Democracy Transformation of citizenship Transformation of nation Active partners to a contractual sovereignty Deliberative-democratic constitutional membership Primordial, historical/ traditional membership Submissive subjects to sovereignty

12. 錯誤2:國家概念的知識內容 (CDC, 2011) State 民族

13. 錯誤2:國家概念的知識內容 (CDC, 2012) 13

14. i. Understanding the Context of Modern State and the Identity of Citizenship

15. Understanding the Concept of the State • Max Weber’s Definition of the State “Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Note that ‘territory’ is one of the characteristics of the state. Specifically, at the present time, the right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or individuals only to the extent to which the state permits it. The state is consider the sole source of the ‘right’ to use violence.” (Weber, 1946, p. 78)

16. Understanding the Concept of the State • Charles Tilly’s Definition of the State An organization which control the population occupying a definite territory is a state insofar as (1) it is differentiated from other organizations operating in the same territory; (2) it is autonomous; (3) it is centralized; and (4) its division are formally coordinated with one another. (Tilly, 1975, p. 70)

17. Understanding the Concept of the State • The constituent features of modern state • The definitive territory • The definitive subjects • Monopoly of use of force and sovereign power • The establishment of internal and external public authority

18. Understanding the Concept of the State • Charles Tilly’s conception of “Stateness” The level and degree of stateness can be “measured by formal autonomy, differentiation from nongovernmental organizations, centralization, and internal coordination” of a government. (Tilly, 1975, p.34)

19. Understanding the Concept of the State • Marxist’s conception of the state • “The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.” (Marx & Engels, 1848) • “The state is an organ of class rule, an organ for the oppression of one class by another; it is the creation of ‘order’ which legalizes and perpetuates this oppression by moderating the conflict between the classes.” (Lenin, 1917) • Althusser’s instrumentalist perspective • Repressive state apparatus • Ideological state apparatus

20. Theories of State Formation • Stein Rokkan’s theory of state formation • From primordial peripheral community to central establishment • Four trajectories of functional differentiations • Economic-technological differentiation and the establishment of CitiesCross-local commercial-industrial organization • Military-administrative differentiation and the establishment of Military Organizations for control of external conflict • Judicial-legislative differentiation and the establishment of JudiciaryOrganizations for management of internal conflict • Religious-symbolic differentiation and the establishment of ChurchCross-local script religion

21. Territorial Centers Military: Organization For Control of External Conflicts Judiciary: Organization For Management of Internal Conflicts Cities: Cross-Local Commercial-Industrial Organization Churches: Cross-Local Script Religions Judicial- Legislative Differentiation Military- Administrative Differentiation Religious-Symbolic Differentiation Economic-Technological Differentiation Primordial Local Community

23. Theories of State Formation • Charles Tilly’s theory of state formation: Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) • Accumulation and concentration of coercion, and the growth and formation of the state • Accumulation and concentration of capital, and the formation and growth of cities • Coalition and conflict within the state • Class coalition and struggle in the realm of exploitation • Coalition and struggle between state authority and citizenship in the realm of domination

24. (1929-2008)

25. Theories of State Formation • Charles Tilly’s theory of state formation: Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992 (1992) • Coalition and conflict among states: The mechanism of war preparation and making • Dialectic relationship between capital accumulation and warmaking • Dialectic relationship between coercion accumulation and warmaking • Dynamics of geopolitics and inter-state system in Europe

26. Geopolitical Situation Coalition & Struggle between State & Citizenship Class Coalition and Struggle War Preparation & Making Concentration of coercion Concentration of Capital Growth of States Growth of Cities Accumulation of coercion Accumulation of Capital Form of State Tilly’s Conception of State Formation

27. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Definition of the State • “Using a variation of Max Weber’s famous formula, that the state is an X (to be determined) which successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical and symbolic violence over a definite territory and over the totality of the corresponding population.” (Bourdieu, 1999, p. 56)

29. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Definition of the State • “The state is the culmination of a process of concentration of different species of capital: • capital of physical force or instruments of coercion • economic capital, • cultural &/or information capital, and • symbolic capital.” (p. 57)

30. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Project of constitution of physical & fiscal efficacy of the state • Accumulation of physical capital • Internal physical capital accumulation: Policing system • External physical capital accumulation: Army (Military) system • Accumulation of economic capital • Constitution of taxation and fiscal system

31. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Concentration of informational capital: “The state concentrates, treats, and redistributes information and, most of all, effects a theoretical unification. Taking the vantage point of the Whole, of society in its totality, the state claims responsibility for all operations of totalization (especially thanks to census taking and statistics or national accounting) and of objectivation through cartography (the unitary representation of space from above) or more simply through writing as an instrument of accumulation of knowledge (e.g. archive), as well as for all operation of codification as cognitive unification.” (p. 61)

32. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Concentration of cultural capital: “The state contributes to the unification of the cultural market by unifying all codes, linguistic and juridical, and by effecting a homogenization of all forms of communication, including bureaucratic communication. Through classification systems inscribed in law, through bureaucratic procedures, educational structures and social rituals, the state molds mental structures and imposes common principles of vision and division, forms of thinking that are to the civilized mind. … And it thereby contributes to the construction of what is commonly designated as national identity.” (p. 61)

33. Theories of State Formation • Pierre Bourdieu’s Theory of State Formation • Project of constitution of symbolic efficacy of the state • Constitution of symbolic capital: • “Symbolic capital is any property (any form of capital whether physical, economic, cultural or social) when it is perceived by social agents endowed with categories of perception which cause them to know it and to recognize it, to give it value.” (p. 62) • Concentration of juridical capital • Nomination of state nobility

34. Physical/ Coercive Capital Fiscal/ Economic Capital Informational Capital Cultural Capital Symbolic Capital Process of Capital Accumulation External and Internal Efficacy & Legitimacy Power Apparatuses Territory / Residents

35. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • Reinhard Bendix’s Definition of Citizenship: • Individualistic and plebiscitarian membership before the sovereign and nation-wide public authority • Development of citizenship: “the codification of the rights and duties of all adults who are classified as citizens”. (Bendix, 1964, p.90)

36. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • T.H. Marshall’s Thesis of Citizenship and Social Class • Contradictory trajectory of development of capitalism and citizenship • Capitalism is an institution based upon the principle of inequality, which is in turn built on uneven distribution of property and/or property right • Citizenship is an institution based upon the principle of equality, which is built on equal citizen status and its derivative rights • Development of citizenship is construed by Marshall as means of abating social class conflict

37. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • T.H. Marshall’s Thesis … • The trajectory of citizenship development • Development of civil rights in the 18th century and the constitution of the Court of Justice and the Rule of Law • Development of the political rights in the 19th century and the constitution of the parliamentary system and the democratic state • Development of the social rights in the 20th century and the constitution of the social service departments and the welfare state

38. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • Wesley Hohfeld’s Conception of Rights • Rights as Liberties • Rights as Claims • Rights as Powers • Rights as Immunities • Classification of Citizenship Rights with Hodfeld’s Conception

42. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • Classification of Citizenship Obligations • Legal, Political, Social and Participation Obligations • Support, Caring, Service and Protection Obligations

44. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • Justification of Citizenship Obligations • Instrumentalist Perspective: Obligations as exchanges for Acceptance and/or Recipience of Rights • Communitarian Perspective: Accepting Obligations as Legitimacy

45. Conception of Citizenship: Membership in the Modern State • Obligations as Moral Requirements • Classification of zones of action • Indifference • Moral requirement • Superrerogation • Three instances of scale • Scale of obligation • Scale of recipience • Scale of action

46. The Theories of Citizen Virtues • Criticism of “vote-centric” democracy: • The intrinsic dilemma of liberal democracy: C.B. Macpherson underlines at the opening page of his oft-cited work The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy, “If liberal democracy is taken to mean …a society striving to ensure that all its members are equally free to realize their capacities. … ‘Liberal’ can mean freedom of the stronger to do down the weaker by following market rules; or it can mean equal effective freedom of all to use and develop their capacities. The later freedom is inconsistent with the former. …The difficulty is that liberal democracy during most of its life so far …has tried to combine the two meanings.” (Macpherson, 1977, P. 1)

47. The Theories of Citizen Virtues • Criticism of “vote-centric” democracy: • ….. • The degradation of citizenship: The development of liberal democracies in capitalist societies, especially those in Europe and North America, in the twentieth century witnessed the degradation of the ideal-typical conception of democratic citizen, who is supposed to be rational, reasonable, responsible, and active participants in political decision-making processes in particular and public affairs in general. With the rise of welfare state and politics of seduction, citizens have been indulged and relegated to become clients of the welfare states, consumers of welfare service, desire-seeking free-riders in politics of seduction, and spectators of politics of scandal in mass media.

48. The Theories of Citizen Virtues • Criticism of “vote-centric” democracy: • ….. • The constitution of the “vote-centric” democracy: “In much of the post-war period, democracy was understood almost exclusively in terms of voting. Citizens were assumed to have set of preferences, fixed prior to and independent of the political process, and the function of voting was simply to provide a fair decision-making procedure or aggregation mechanism for translating these pre-existing preferences into public decisions, either about who to elect or about what law to adopt. But it is increasingly accepted that this ‘aggregative’ or ‘vote-centric’ conception of democracy cannot fulfill norms of democratic legitimacy.” (Kymlicka, 2002, P.290)

49. The Theories of Citizen Virtues • Theorizing deliberative democracy or “talk-centric” democracy • To overcome the shortcomings of “vote-centric” democracy, numbers of social scientists and political philosophers have advocated alternative models of democracy to rectify if not replace the prevailing “vote-centric” democracy. One of these is the deliberative democracy, which aims to bring genuine and engaging talks and deliberations among reasonable citizens back into the decision-making processes in democracy.

50. The Theories of Citizen Virtues • Theorizing deliberative democracy …. • What is deliberative democracy? Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson define “deliberative democracy as a form of government in which free and equal citizens (and their representatives), justify decisions in a process in which give one another reasons that are mutually acceptable and generally accessible, with the aim of researching conclusions that are binding in the present on all citizens but open to challenge in the future.” (Gutmann and Thompson, 2004, P. 7)