Understanding Human Physiology: Introduction to Organ Systems and Homeostasis

1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology

2. About this Chapter • What is physiology? • A review of organ systems • Evolution and integration from cell to human • The concept of homeostasis is introduced • Themes in Physiology • The science of Physiology • Experimental design • Data

3. Levels of Organization • Physiology defined: • Study of the normal functioning of a living organism • Literally means ‘knowledge of nature’ • Organization of life • The cell is the unit of life • Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

4. Just SOME of what Biochem students have to learn… (…and what professors have to make sound interesting)

6. Organ Systems In Review • Circulatory • Digestive • Endocrine • Immune • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Nervous • Reproductive • Urinary Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

7. Concept Mapping • Structure and function • Integration across • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Flow charts • Follow process • In sequence

8. Concept Mapping Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

9. Evolution of Physiological Systems • Cell • Intracellular fluid • Extracellular fluid • Organism • Protective cells • Exchange cells • External environment • Homeostasis Defined • Emergent properties Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

10. Homeostasis & Controls • External or internal change • Loss of homeostasis • Physiological attempt to correct • Sensors, integrating center • Response of cells & organs

11. Homeostasis & Controls • Successful compensation • Homeostasis reestablished • Failure to compensate • Pathophysiology • Illness • Death Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

12. Themes in Physiology • Homeostasis • Structure/function relationships • Integration of systems • Communication • Membranes & exchange • Energy • Mass balance • Mass flow & resistance Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

13. Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge • Observation & experimentation • Hypothesis • Variables • Independent • Dependant • Controls • Data • Replication • Theory • Models

15. Human Experiments • Genetic variables • Placebo effect • Nocebo effect • Ethics

17. Correlation does not equal Causation • 1. The Japanese eat very little fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. • 2. The Mexicans eat a lot of fat and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. • 3. The Chinese drink very little red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. • 4. The Italians drink a lot of red wine and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. • 5. The Germans drink a lot of beers and eat lots of sausages and fats and suffer fewer heart attacks than the British and Americans. • CONCLUSION • Eat and drink what you like. Speaking English is apparently what kills you

18. Formats of Experimental Design • Crossover study • Blind studies • Double-blind studies • Double-blind crossover studies

19. Time Duration of Experiments • Longitudinal studies • Prospective studies • Cross sectional studies • Retrospective studies • Meta-analysis

26. Medicine and Medical Devices in the US = A For-Profit Industry $$$

27. Summary • Organ systems • Structures & functions • The cell, the organism, the outside environment • Homeostatic balancing • Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance • Scientific inquiry- good science • Experimental designs • Representing the data