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Anatomy Final Exam Review. Why do atoms bond to each other?. To become more stable. To fill their valence shell. To share / exchange valence electrons. What are valence electrons?. The outermost electrons of an atom. What are the 4 types of biomolecules?. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
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Why do atoms bond to each other? • To become more stable. • To fill their valence shell. • To share / exchange valence electrons.
What are valence electrons? • The outermost electrons of an atom.
What are the 4 types of biomolecules? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
What is the function of carbohydrates? • Short term energy storage
What is the function of lipids? • Long Term Energy Storage • Cell Membranes
What is the function of Proteins? • Express Genetic Information • Catalyze Reactions
What is hemoglobin? • A type of protein in blood which binds with oxygen.
What is homeostasis? • The maintenance of internal stability in organisms/cells.
What is diffusion? • The movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration. • Across a concentration gradient. • Until equilibrium is reached.
What is ATP? • An energy storing molecule.
Where does energy store its energy? • Phosphate bonds.
How can you release stored energy from ATP? • Remove 1 phosphate • ATP ADP
Describe an Unconscious Nervous-System Pathway: • Sensory Division • Central Nervous System • Motor Division • Autonomic Nervous System • Parasympathetic or Sympathetic
What’s the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Pathways? • Parasympathetic: • Not Feelings • Involuntary organ movement/response • Sympathetic • Feelings • Fight or Flight
Describe a Conscious Nervous-System Pathway: • Sensory Division • Central Nervous System • Motor Division • Somatic Pathway
What happens in a Nerve Impulse? • Neurotransmitter is released from adjacent neuron-axon-terminals • K+ pumps open K+ moves into cell • Na+ pumps open Na+ moves into cell
What is hyperopia? • Farsightedness • Cornea too flat • Light underfocused
What is myopia? • Nearsightedness • Bulging cornea • Light overfocused
Which types of lenses would fix farsightedness? • Thicker in middle • Light would be focused before hitting cornea • Results in Double-Focusing
Which types of lenses would fix Nearsightedness? • Thinner in middle • Light rays would be spread out before reaching cornea • Results in decreased focusing of light
What does the Broca’s Area of the brain control? • Formulation of complex language
Describe the traveling of sound waves to your cochlea: • Sound waves hit tympanic membrane (ear drum) • Membrane vibrates • Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup Vibrate • Triggers vibration of oval window on cochlea
How do you smell? • Organic molecules (scent molecules) dissolve in mucus lining of nose • Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs
Where do you taste sour foods? • Sour = Acidic = Hydrogen Ions • Sides of Tongue
Where do you taste sweet foods? • Sweet = Sugars • Front / Tip of tongue
Where do you taste bitter foods? • Bitter = Alkaloid • Very back of tongue
Where do you taste salty foods? • Salt = Metal • Front-Sides of Tongue
What is an embolus? • Free floating clot in a blood vessel.
Which region interprets language? Parietal Lobe
Which region maintains visual and auditory memory? Temporal Lobe
Which region coordinates muscle movement? • Cerebellum
Which region triggers muscle movement? • Frontal Lobe
Which region maintains homeostasis and fight or flight emotions? • Brain Stem… • Pons, Medulla, MidBrain
Which region maintains fluid ion levels, controls sleep and body temperature? • Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Which structure contains dark pigments which contain light w/in the eye? #8 -- Choroid
Which structure determines your eyesight? • #1 -- Cornea
Which structure contracts and relaxes to control the amount of light entering the eye? • #4 -- Iris
Which part is not really a structure, but allows light to pass into the eye? • #5 -- Pupil
What is the substance that maintains eye pressure? • #12 -- Humor
Which part of your ear is the ear drum? • Tympanic Membrane
Which part of your ear vibrates the oval window? • Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Which part of your ear contains fluid and receptor hairs to maintain equilibrium? • Cochlea
List out the correct pathway of the Intrinsic Conduction System: • SA NODE • AV NODE • AV Bundle • Bundle Branches • Purkinje Fibers
List out the events in Hemostasis (Blood clotting): • Collagen fibers exposed • Platelets adhere to fibers • Platelets release serotonin • Thromboplastin released from damaged vessel cells • PF3 binds with Thromboplastin + Calcium • Prothrombin converted to Thrombin • Fibrin forms mesh-like trap • Vessels constrict and ruptured edges are closed
How do leukocytes recognize foreign cells? • Positive chemostaxis
How do leukocytes move across blood vessel walls? • diapedesis
What is a heartbeat? • The closing of the AV valves and the semilunar valves.
What is hypertension? • High blood pressure • 140 and over (systolic reading)
What is hypotension? • Low blood pressure • 100 and under (systolic reading)