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Anatomy Review for Final Exam: Bonding, Molecules & Body Systems

Explore essential anatomy concepts: atoms bonding, biomolecules, organ systems, and sensory pathways. Get ready for your exam with this comprehensive review guide.

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Anatomy Review for Final Exam: Bonding, Molecules & Body Systems

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  1. Anatomy Final Exam Review

  2. Why do atoms bond to each other? • To become more stable. • To fill their valence shell. • To share / exchange valence electrons.

  3. What are valence electrons? • The outermost electrons of an atom.

  4. What are the 4 types of biomolecules? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  5. What is the function of carbohydrates? • Short term energy storage

  6. What is the function of lipids? • Long Term Energy Storage • Cell Membranes

  7. What is the function of Proteins? • Express Genetic Information • Catalyze Reactions

  8. What is hemoglobin? • A type of protein in blood which binds with oxygen.

  9. What is homeostasis? • The maintenance of internal stability in organisms/cells.

  10. What is diffusion? • The movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration. • Across a concentration gradient. • Until equilibrium is reached.

  11. What is ATP? • An energy storing molecule.

  12. Where does energy store its energy? • Phosphate bonds.

  13. How can you release stored energy from ATP? • Remove 1 phosphate • ATP  ADP

  14. Describe an Unconscious Nervous-System Pathway: • Sensory Division • Central Nervous System • Motor Division • Autonomic Nervous System • Parasympathetic or Sympathetic

  15. What’s the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Pathways? • Parasympathetic: • Not Feelings • Involuntary organ movement/response • Sympathetic • Feelings • Fight or Flight

  16. Describe a Conscious Nervous-System Pathway: • Sensory Division • Central Nervous System • Motor Division • Somatic Pathway

  17. What happens in a Nerve Impulse? • Neurotransmitter is released from adjacent neuron-axon-terminals • K+ pumps open  K+ moves into cell • Na+ pumps open  Na+ moves into cell

  18. What is hyperopia? • Farsightedness • Cornea too flat • Light underfocused

  19. What is myopia? • Nearsightedness • Bulging cornea • Light overfocused

  20. Which types of lenses would fix farsightedness? • Thicker in middle • Light would be focused before hitting cornea • Results in Double-Focusing

  21. Which types of lenses would fix Nearsightedness? • Thinner in middle • Light rays would be spread out before reaching cornea • Results in decreased focusing of light

  22. What does the Broca’s Area of the brain control? • Formulation of complex language

  23. Describe the traveling of sound waves to your cochlea: • Sound waves hit tympanic membrane (ear drum) • Membrane vibrates • Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup Vibrate • Triggers vibration of oval window on cochlea

  24. How do you smell? • Organic molecules (scent molecules) dissolve in mucus lining of nose • Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs

  25. Where do you taste sour foods? • Sour = Acidic = Hydrogen Ions • Sides of Tongue

  26. Where do you taste sweet foods? • Sweet = Sugars • Front / Tip of tongue

  27. Where do you taste bitter foods? • Bitter = Alkaloid • Very back of tongue

  28. Where do you taste salty foods? • Salt = Metal • Front-Sides of Tongue

  29. What is an embolus? • Free floating clot in a blood vessel.

  30. Which region interprets language? Parietal Lobe

  31. Which region maintains visual and auditory memory? Temporal Lobe

  32. Which region coordinates muscle movement? • Cerebellum

  33. Which region triggers muscle movement? • Frontal Lobe

  34. Which region maintains homeostasis and fight or flight emotions? • Brain Stem… • Pons, Medulla, MidBrain

  35. Which region maintains fluid ion levels, controls sleep and body temperature? • Thalamus & Hypothalamus

  36. Which structure contains dark pigments which contain light w/in the eye? #8 -- Choroid

  37. Which structure determines your eyesight? • #1 -- Cornea

  38. Which structure contracts and relaxes to control the amount of light entering the eye? • #4 -- Iris

  39. Which part is not really a structure, but allows light to pass into the eye? • #5 -- Pupil

  40. What is the substance that maintains eye pressure? • #12 -- Humor

  41. Which part of your ear is the ear drum? • Tympanic Membrane

  42. Which part of your ear vibrates the oval window? • Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup

  43. Which part of your ear contains fluid and receptor hairs to maintain equilibrium? • Cochlea

  44. List out the correct pathway of the Intrinsic Conduction System: • SA NODE • AV NODE • AV Bundle • Bundle Branches • Purkinje Fibers

  45. List out the events in Hemostasis (Blood clotting): • Collagen fibers exposed • Platelets adhere to fibers • Platelets release serotonin • Thromboplastin released from damaged vessel cells • PF3 binds with Thromboplastin + Calcium • Prothrombin converted to Thrombin • Fibrin forms mesh-like trap • Vessels constrict and ruptured edges are closed

  46. How do leukocytes recognize foreign cells? • Positive chemostaxis

  47. How do leukocytes move across blood vessel walls? • diapedesis

  48. What is a heartbeat? • The closing of the AV valves and the semilunar valves.

  49. What is hypertension? • High blood pressure • 140 and over (systolic reading)

  50. What is hypotension? • Low blood pressure • 100 and under (systolic reading)

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