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2. Some parasite manipulate the behavior or their host Don’t write here

3. Ectoparasites “annoy” their host in ways that may induce the host to behave in ways that benefit the parasite Don’t write here

4. B19 Many Viruses change the host behavior in a way that assists transmission to the next host. Don’t write here

5. sexual reproduction asexual reproduction Fluke = parasitic flatworm, phylum Platyhelminthes

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8. Larvae seek aquatic insect host in which to encyst Gordiid worm Eggs: 2-4 days Don’t write here Once inside a cricket the worm matures & induces it to deliver it back to water free living aquatic sexual reproductive Horsehair worm = Gordian worms = Nematomorpha

9. 35% escape rate in frogs 18% escape rate in trout Evolved escape behavior if cricket is eaten by an improper host

10. Sacculina barnacle Infected male Gravid female Typical barnacle

11. Trematode = flatworm, most members of this clade are obligate parasites Don’t write here

12. Don’t write here Jenny Shaw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5UzztCns-Y

13. Uninfected Infected Uninfected Infected * Don’t write here Kevin Lafferty UC Santa Barbara

14. Sexual reproduction in a cat host Asexual reproduction in a other host Toxoplasmosis: intracellular parasite single cell, eukaryote, protist

16. Bobcat Home Rabbit Uninfected Infected 35.5% in Bobcat ¼ 66.5% in Bobcat ¼ Don’t write here

17. rat bobcat mouse cat

18. Density of Cysts

19. preference for odor female male sex specific response to various animal urine odors Don’t write here Correlational studies by Jaroslav Flegr suggests that T. gondii infection alters human behavior Flegr et al 2002 BMC Infectious Diseases20022:11

20. control traffic accident Age group Don’t write here Correlational studies by Jaroslav Flegr suggests that T. gondii infection alters human behavior Flegr et al 2002 BMC Infectious Diseases20022:11

21. * relationships * self control * * tidiness - + - + Men Women Don’t write here J. Lindova´ et al. / International Journal for Parasitology 36 (2006) 1485–1492

22. But humans are not a suitable intermediate host So behavioral modifications are assumed to be a side effect of a mechanism that evolved for its effects in the appropriate host OR parasite manipulative abilities evolved when human ancestors were still feline prey. Chimpanzee behavior

23. Na+ channels K+ channels Ca2+ channels CI- channels Presynaptic toxins Exocytosis-targeted 'exocytoxins' Glutamate receptors Acetylcholine receptors GABA receptors Glycine receptors Vanilloid receptors Hormone receptors G proteins Protein phosphatases Pumps Transporters Transmitter inactivation Ionophores Venomous predators use neurotoxins that generally act at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in prey paralysis

26. Time course of venom effects: paralysis, grooming & lethargic state

27. T3 T2 T1 SEG Brain C14aa SEG Brain Does the wasp sting into the CNS to inject its venom? The first sting into the thorax. The second sting into the head.

28. Light Microscope Autoradiography : brain SEG

29. Stinger bears cuticular sensory organs mostly at the tip

30. Time course of venom effects: paralysis, grooming & lethargic state

31. Venom blocks both tonic and evoked activity of leg slow motorneuron in thoracic ganglion

32. Dopamine agonist induces grooming Venom contains Dopamine

33. N2 N3 Metathoracic ganglion N4 N6 N5 Last abdominal ganglion Extracellular hooks Cerci Spontaneous activity of Octopamine neurons decreases in stung animals

34. Time course of venom effects: paralysis, grooming & lethargic state Nicotinic block (and GABA activation) Neuromodulation of thoracic interneurons Dopamine-like