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Exploring Biofuels and the Endomembrane System in Plants

Discover the potential of plants as biofuel sources and the role of the endomembrane system in plant cells. Study topics include stress responses, plant products, phytoremediation, and plant signaling. Conduct experiments to find answers related to climate change and improving food production.

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Exploring Biofuels and the Endomembrane System in Plants

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  1. Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments See where they lead us

  2. Biofuels • What would make a good biofuel? • How and where to grow it? • Can we get plants to make diesel, H2 (g) or electricity? • Climate/CO2 change • How will plants be affected? • Can we use plants to help alleviate it? • Stress responses/stress avoidance • Structural • Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM) • Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc) • Plant products • Improving food production • Phytoremediation • Plant signaling (including neurobiology) • Something else?

  3. Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosomes 7) Oleosomes

  4. GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! Protein’s address is built in

  5. VACUOLES • Derived from Golgi; Fns: • 1)digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles

  6. VACUOLES • Derived from Golgi; Fns: • 1)digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles • 2) storage

  7. VACUOLES • Derived from Golgi; Fns: • 1) digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles • 2) storage • 3) turgor: push plasma • membrane against • cell wall

  8. VACUOLES Vacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinct from storage vacuoles!

  9. Endomembrane system • Organelles derived from the ER • 1) ER • 2) Golgi • 3) Vacuoles • 4) Plasma • Membrane • Regulates • transport • in/out of cell

  10. Endomembrane system • Organelles derived from the ER • 1) ER • 2) Golgi • 3) Vacuoles • 4) Plasma • Membrane • Regulates • transport • in/out of cell • Lipids form • barrier • Proteins transport • objects & info

  11. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER

  12. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores

  13. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import

  14. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import new one for export

  15. Endomembrane System Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane Fn: sorting materials & recycling receptors

  16. Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

  17. Endomembrane System • Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER • Surrounded by lipid monolayer! • filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!

  18. endosymbionts • derived by division of preexisting organelles • no vesicle transport • Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated

  19. endosymbionts • derived by division of preexisting organelles • little exchange of membranes with other organelles • 1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)

  20. Peroxisomes (microbodies) 1 membrane

  21. Peroxisomes (microbodies) • found in (nearly) all eukaryotes • 1 membrane • Fn: • 1) destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons

  22. Peroxisomes • Fn: • destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons • change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)

  23. Peroxisomes • Fns: • destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons • change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes) • Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products

  24. Peroxisomes • Fn: • destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons • change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes) • Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products • Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)

  25. Peroxisomes • ER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances! • e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when the wild-type gene is restored

  26. endosymbionts 1) Peroxisomes (microbodies) 2) Mitochondria

  27. Mitochondria • Bounded by 2 membranes

  28. Mitochondria 2 membranes Smooth OM

  29. Mitochondria 2 membranes Smooth OM IM folds into cristae

  30. Mitochondria • -> 4 compartments • 1) OM • 2) intermembrane space • 3) IM • 4) matrix

  31. Mitochondria • matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes

  32. Mitochondria • matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes • Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genes

  33. Mitochondria • matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes • Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genes • Reproduce by fission

  34. Mitochondria • matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes • Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genes • Reproduce by fission • IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid

  35. Mitochondria • Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only 40-43 genes • Reproduce by fission • IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid • Genes most related to Rhodobacteria

  36. Mitochondria • Fn : cellular respiration • -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell • Also make many important biochemicals

  37. Mitochondria • Fn : cellular respiration • -> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell • Also make important biochemicals & help recycle PR products

  38. endosymbionts • Peroxisomes • Mitochondria • 3) Plastids

  39. Plastids • Chloroplasts do photosynthesis • Amyloplasts store starch • Chromoplasts store pigments • Leucoplasts are found in roots

  40. Chloroplasts • Bounded by 2 membranes • 1) outer envelope • 2) inner envelope

  41. Chloroplasts • Interior = stroma • Contains thylakoids • membranes where light • rxns of photosynthesis occur • mainly galactolipids

  42. Chloroplasts • Interior = stroma • Contains thylakoids • membranes where light rxns of photosynthesis occur • mainly galactolipids • Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes

  43. Chloroplasts Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes 120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genes

  44. Chloroplasts Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes 120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genes Closest relatives = cyanobacteria

  45. Chloroplasts Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes 120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genes Closest relatives = cyanobacteria Divide by fission

  46. Chloroplasts Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes 120,000-160,000 bp, ~ 100 genes Closest relatives = cyanobacteria Divide by fission Fns: Photosynthesis

  47. Chloroplasts Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth Photoassimilation of N & S

  48. Chloroplasts Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth Photoassimilation of N & S Fatty acid & some lipid synth

  49. Chloroplasts Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth Photoassimilation of N & S Fatty acid & some lipid synth Synth of ABA, GA, many other biochem

  50. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria • Contain eubacterial DNA, RNA, ribosomes • Inner membranes have bacterial lipids • Divide by fission • Provide best support for endosymbiosis

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