Exploring Plant Biology: From Phytoremediation to Biofuels

1. Plan C • We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. • Phytoremediation • Plant products • Biofuels • Effects of seed spacing on seed germination • Climate/CO2 change • Stress responses/stress avoidance • Improving food production • Biotechnology • Plant movements • Plant signaling (including neurobiology) • Flowering? • Something else?

2. Plan C Pick a problem Pick some plants to study Design some experiments See where they lead us

3. Plan C • Grading? • Combination of papers and presentations • First presentation: 5 points • Research presentation: 10 points • Final presentation: 15 points • Assignments: 5 points each • Poster: 10 points • Intermediate report 10 points • Final report: 30 points • Alternatives • Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations • Research proposal instead of a presentation • One or two exams?

4. BIO 369 - Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MW 11-12 and T 1-2 in SLC 363, R 1-2 & F 11-12 in CSC228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: terzaghi@wilkes.edu Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/bio369.html

5. Vegetative Plants • 3 Parts • Leaf • Stem • Root

6. Vegetative Plants 3 tissue types • Dermal • Ground • Vascular

7. Plant Development • Cell division = growth

8. Plant Development • Cell division = growth • Determination = what cell can become

9. Plant Development • Cell division = growth • Determination = what cell can become • Differentiation = cells become specific types

10. Plant Development • Cell division = growth • Determination = what cell can become • Differentiation = cells become specific types • Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations

11. Plant Development • Cell division = growth • Determination = what cell can become • Differentiation = cells become specific types • Pattern formation • Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs

12. Plant Development • umbrella term for many processes • embryogenesis

13. Plant Development • umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination

14. Plant Development • umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis

15. Plant Development • umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit • and seed formation

16. Plant Development • umbrella term for many processes • Embryogenesis • Seed dormancy and germination • Seedling Morphogenesis • Transition to flowering, fruit • and seed formation • Many responses to environment

17. Plant Development • Umbrella term for many processes • Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move: • Must grow towards/away from signals

18. Plant Development • Umbrella term for many processes • Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead • Plasticity: plants develop in • response to environment

19. Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment • Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals

20. Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment • Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones

21. Unique features of plant development • Cell walls: cells can’t move • Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment • Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line!

22. Unique features of plant development • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become • flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!

23. Unique features of plant development • Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones • No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become • flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution! • Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form • different gametes

24. Endomembrane system • Common features • derived from ER

25. Endomembrane system • Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles

26. Endomembrane system • Common features • derived from ER • transport is in vesicles • proteins & lipids are • glycosylated

27. Endomembrane system Organelles derived from the ER 1) ER 2) Golgi 3) Vacuoles 4) Plasma Membrane 5) Nuclear Envelope 6) Endosome 7) Oleosomes

28. ER Network of membranes t/out cell 2 types: SER & RER

29. SER • tubules that lack ribosomes • fns: • Lipid syn • Steroid syn • drug detox • storing Ca2+ • Glycogen • catabolism

30. RER Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes 1˚ fn = protein synthesis -> ribosomes are making proteins

31. ER • SER & RER make new membrane!

32. GOLGI COMPLEX Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER

33. GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack

34. GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates!

35. GOLGI COMPLEX Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER Fn: “post office”: collect ER products, process & deliver them Altered in each stack Makes most cell wall carbohydrates! Protein’s address is built in

36. VACUOLES • Derived from Golgi • Fns: • 1) digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles

37. VACUOLES • Fns: • 1) digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles • 2) storage

38. VACUOLES • Fns: • 1) digestion • a) Organelles • b) food particles • 2) storage • 3) turgor: push plasma • membrane against • cell wall

39. VACUOLES Vacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinct from storage vacuoles!

40. Endomembrane system • Organelles derived from the ER • 1) ER • 2) Golgi • 3) Vacuoles • 4) Plasma • Membrane • Regulates • transport • in/out of cell

41. Endomembrane system • Organelles derived from the ER • 1) ER • 2) Golgi • 3) Vacuoles • 4) Plasma • Membrane • Regulates • transport • in/out of cell • Lipids form • barrier • Proteins transport • objects & info

42. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER

43. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores

44. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import

45. Endomembrane System 5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus Continuous with ER Transport is only through nuclear pores Need correct signal & receptor for import new one for export

46. Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein

47. Endomembrane System Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin fns = information storage & retrieval Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)

48. Endomembrane System Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane Fn: sorting materials & recycling receptors

49. Endomembrane System Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

50. Endomembrane System • Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER • Surrounded by lipid monolayer! • filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!