Reconstruction to Civil Rights (Day 1)

1. Reconstruction to Civil Rights (Day 1)

2. Learning Targets • I can analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states. Freedmen’s Bureau  Sharecropping and Tenant Farming  Reconstruction Plans • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments to the Constitution • Henry McNeal Turner & Black Legislators • Ku Klux Klan

3. The “Official” period of Reconstruction in Georgia lasted for only 5 years, but the recovery from Reconstruction took much longer...

4. How would these people have felt at the end of the war? Women in the South who had been left to keep homes and farms going during the war? Freed slaves who had left plantations after the war? Confederate soldiers who returned to Georgia to find ruined and burned- out homes, crops, and villages?

5. Georgians (and other Southerners) Had to Deal with 3 Basic Questions after the Civil War... • What would be done with 4 million newly freed slaves? 2) How could sectional differences and emotional war wounds be healed so that the nation could be reunited? 3) How could the South, which had suffered most of the war damage, resurrect itself and its economy?

6. Problemsafter Civil War

7. LAND • Had to sell land to get cash. • Needed cash to pay taxes and buy equipment, livestock, seed, fertilizer, and labor to rebuild. • Sold land for a fraction of the cost. • More small farms. • Blacks and whites became landowners.

8. LABOR • Shortage of workers. • Many white males had been killed or disabled during war. • After the war, many moved. • Loss of large pool of slave labor. • New work arrangement needed to be made between blacks and whites.

9. CAPITAL • Money that had been tied up in slaves was lost. • Remaining capital in the form of Confederate money and bonds was worthless. • Very few farmers had money. • The only way they could get money was to borrow it, but many Georgia banks had collapsed.

10. The Georgia in which the War-Weary Confederate Soldiers Returned Was Not as They Had Left It...

11. farms were in ruins • homes, railways, bridges, roads were destroyed or in need of repair • not enough food • banks were closed – Confederate money was worthless • the state owed $20,000,000 in war debt • 25,000 Georgians had died of wounds or disease – many more were crippled and could not work

12. The Freedmen • Problems of freedmen (former slaves): • homeless • hungry • uneducated • free for the 1st time • no property or goods • Many former slaves feared re-enslavement • Most whites had difficulty treating freeman as free persons

13. THREE PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION LINCOLN PROPOSED HIS PLAN IN 1863 RADICAL REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS PROPOSED THEIR PLAN JOHNSON PROPOSED HIS PLAN AFTER LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED AND HE BECAME PRESIDENT

14. Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Sometimes called the “10% Plan”

15. Lincoln wanted to rebuild and return the south to the Union as soon as possible • “Reconstruction” would have two parts: • Southerners would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance; • When 10% of voters had taken the oath, the state could rejoin the Union and form a state government.

16. Radical Republicans • Lincoln’s plan to reconstruct the south was challenged. • Some northerners called “Radical Republicans” thought the south should be more severely punished. • The Radical Republicans wanted to make sure the freedmen retained their new rights.

17. Radical Republicans • Gained control of both houses of Congress • Maintained that the southern states were not “adequately reconstructed”

18. RADICAL REPUBLICANS PASSED LEGISLATION WITH LINCOLN’S APPROVAL 13th AMENDMENT, 1865 Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude, Except As A Punishment For Crime Whereof The Party Shall Have Been Duly Convicted, Shall Exist Within The United States, Or Any Place Subject To Their Jurisdiction. Makes Slavery Illegal

19. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU ACT, 1865 Designed by the Radical Republicans Signed into Law by Lincoln An agency that protected the legal rights of freed blacks.

20. The Freedmen’s Bureau • Its job was to help freed slaves and poor whites with basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter. • The purpose shifted to education: • Set up 4,000 primary schools • Started industrial schools for jobs training • Started teacher-training schools • Missionaries started schools like Atlanta University, Morehouse College, and Clark College

21. Freedmen’s Bureau As Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do...

22. Freedmen’s Bureau School

23. PRESIDENT LINCOLN ASSASSINATED APRIL 14, 1865 MURDERED BY JOHN WILKES BOOTH, A LOYAL CONFEDERATE SOUTHERNER WHO BELIEVED THAT HE WAS AVENGING THE SOUTH WHEN HE ASSASSINATED THE PRESIDENT

24. Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction As a native Southerner, President Johnson showed some traditionally southern views and did not promote equal right for the freedmen or involve freedmen in the Reconstruction process.

25. In addition to Lincoln’s requirements, President Johnson added a few more. Southern states had to: • approve (ratify) the 13th Amendment (outlawing slavery); • nullify their ordinances of secession; • promise not to repay money borrowed during the war.

26. President Johnson appointed James Johnson as Georgia’s provisional Governor.

27. Constitutional Convention of 1865 • Governor Johnson held a Constitutional Convention. 1) Repealed the ordinance of secession 2) Voted to abolish slavery 3) Wrote a new constitution • Elections were held in November 1865 for a new legislature. • The General Assembly voted to extend rights to freedmen.

28. BLACK CODES BECAUSE OF JOHNSON’S SOFT APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION, SOUTHERN STATES PASSED RACIST LAWS DESIGNED TO UNDERMINE AFRICAN AMERICAN’S RIGHTS. MANY FORMER CONFEDERATE OFFICIALS WERE ELECTED TO STATE GOVERNMENT POSITIONS AND PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS KNOWN AS THE BLACK CODES.

30. BLACK CODES • Black Codes were laws passed to keep freedmen from having the same rights as whites. • Didn’t allow blacks: the same jobs as whites, the right to vote, the right to marry a white person, jury service, or the right to testify. • Blacks could be: whipped as punishment, forced to work from sunrise to sunset six days per week, or put in jail if they didn’t have a job.

31. THESE LAWS CREATED THE FOUNDATION FOR THE LEGAL SEGREGATION OF PUBLIC FACILITIES AND THE TREATMENT OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AS SECOND CLASS CITIZENS THROUGHOUT THE SOUTH.

32. EXAMPLES OF SEGREGATED FACILITIES

33. Congressional Reconstruction • Congress was angry about Georgia’s Black Codes, so it passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This law gave: • citizenship to all freedmen; • the federal government power to intervene any time civil rights were taken from freedmen.

34. 14th Amendment Granted citizenship to freedmen and required “equal protection under the law.” All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. • Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

35. Congressional Reconstruction • Congress required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Georgia and most of the other southern states refused. • Congress abolished these states’ governments and put them under military rule.

36. MAP OF 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS

37. Georgia was ruled by General John Pope. Pope was required to register all male voters – black and white. These voters would elect new representatives to form a new state government.

38. Constitutional Convention of 1867 • Georgia male voters elected delegates to the convention to create a new state constitution.

39. Carpetbaggers • A non-southerner who came to the South during Reconstruction to take advantage of its economic and political situation

40. Scalawags • A southerner who disgraced the south by joining with the Republicans to enact reforms.

41. Accomplishments of the Convention • A new constitution ensuring civil rights for all citizens; • Free public education for all children; • Married women were allowed to control their own property (1st State to do so).

42. Georgia had met the requirements for readmission to the Union, and federal troops left the state... • But, not for long...