Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment

1. Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight

2. Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 2: Understand how the stability of an aeroplane is maintained in flight and how manoeuvrability is controlled Part 3

3. Principles of Flight Revision

4. Questions • What happens to Lift when a Wing is Stalled? • Lift Increases as Angle of Attack Decreases. • Lift Decreases as Angle of Attack Increases. • Lift is Greatly Reduced. • Lift Remains unchanged.

5. Questions • The Critical Angle of Attack is Generally about? • 5o. • 15o. • 25o. • 35o.

6. Questions • Which of the following will NOT REDUCE the Stalling Speed? • Extra Weight. • Larger Wing Area. • Flaps Lowered. • Flaps Raised.

7. Questions • Where would you find the information regarding • the Aircraft’s various Stalling Speeds? • Pilot’s Notes. • Air Traffic Control. • Ground Crew. • McDonald’s.

8. High Lift Devices (Flaps)orLift Augmentation

9. High Lift Devices • Objectives: • Describe the principle operation of Trailing Edge Flaps. • State the following for Trailing Edge Flaps: • Location, Effects on Lift, Effects on Drag, Types, • Advantages, and uses. • 3. Describe the principle operation of Leading Edge Slats. • 4. State the Advantages of Slats with reference to: • Stalling Speed, Stalling Angle, and Drag.

10. High Lift Devices Why do we need High Lift Devices? • High Lift Devices come in many shapes and forms. • They are mounted on the Leading and Trailing edges of wings. • They create more Lift at lower speeds to allow lower take-off and landing speeds. • The Aircraft nose will be lower, allowing a better view for the Pilot. But how do they work?

11. LIFT AUGMENTATION Weight (Constant) = Lift (Constant) = CL½ρV2S At Minimum Speed = CLMAX½ρV2MINS To further reduce the Minimum Speed? Raise the Value of CLMAX THIS IS THE PURPOSE OF LIFT AUGMENTATION

12. METHODS OF LIFT AUGMENTATION FLAPS (Trailing Edge & Leading Edge) SLATS & SLOTS

13. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES PLAIN FLAP 50% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 12o

16. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES SPLIT FLAP 60% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 14o

17. NIMROD Split Flap

18. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES SLOTTED FLAP 65% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 16o

22. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES THE BLOWN FLAP 80% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 16o

23. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES FOWLER FLAP 90% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 15o

25. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES AUTOMATIC SLAT 70% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 25o

26. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES FIXED SLAT 50% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 20o

27. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES SLOT 40% Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 20o

28. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES KRUGER FLAP 50% ? Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 25o

30. LIFT AUGMENTATION DEVICES “DROOP SNOOT” FLAP 50% ? Increase CLMAX Critical Angle 20o

31. LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL

32. LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL CL BASIC AEROFOIL SECTION α

33. LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL CL BASIC AEROFOIL SECTION TRAILING EDGE FLAP α

34. LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL CL BASIC AEROFOIL SECTION LEADING EDGE FLAP α

35. LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL CL BASIC AEROFOIL SECTION SLAT OR SLOT α

36. CL α LIFT AUGMENTATION - EFFECTS ON CL BASIC AEROFOIL SECTION TRAILING EDGE FLAP LEADING EDGE FLAP SLAT OR SLOT

37. Flaps But, what about Drag? Flaps 30o Flaps 90o Flaps 60o Flap 30o 60o 90o Lift Large Inc Small Inc No Sig Inc Drag Small Inc Large Inc V Large Inc

39. Any Questions?

40. High Lift Devices • Objectives: • Describe the principle operation of Trailing Edge Flaps. • State the following for Trailing Edge Flaps: • Location, Effects on Lift, Effects on Drag, Types, • Advantages, and uses. • 3. Describe the principle operation of Leading Edge Slats. • 4. State the Advantages of Slats with reference to: • Stalling Speed, Stalling Angle, and Drag.

41. Questions • What effect does a Trailing Edge Flap have on the Stalling • Speed? • Higher. • Lower. • c. The same. • d. No difference.

42. Questions • One type of Leading Edge Flap is: • Plain. • Slot. • c. Split. • d. Kruger.

43. Questions • What are some of the High Lift Devices on the Leading • Edge called? • a. Plain Flaps. • b. Ailerons. • c. Slats. • d. Split Flaps.