WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook

1. WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook Richard Countess Countess Environmental Westlake Village, CA WRAP Workshop May 24, 2006 Sacramento, CA

2. Fugitive Dust Originates from Many Different Source Categories

3. Overview • The handbook is intended to be a comprehensive resource on emission estimation methodologies and control measures to reduce fugitive dust emissions. • The methods for estimating dust emissions rely on AP-42 and alternative methods adopted by air quality agencies in the WRAP region. • Because many formulae and factors incorporate default values that have been derived for average US conditions, area-specific factors should be used when available. • The handbook and associated website will be updated as new information becomes available.

4. Handbook Features • Comprehensive documentation of emission estimation methods adopted by federal and state agencies plus methods in the developmental stage • Detailed discussion of demonstrated control measures • Lists of published control efficiencies for a large number of fugitive dust control measures for each fugitive dust source category

5. Handbook Features (continued) • Sample regulatory formats adopted by state and local agencies in the WRAP region • Sample compliance tools to assure that the regulations are being followed • Detailed methodology for calculating the cost-effectiveness of different control measures • Sample calculations for control measure cost-effectiveness for each fugitive dust source category

6. CATEGORY AP-42 CARB OTHER Agricultural Tilling X Construction and Demolition X MRI Materials Handling X Paved Roads X X Unpaved Roads X X Agricultural Wind Erosion X Open Area Wind Erosion X MacDougall Storage Pile Wind Erosion X Emission Estimation Methodologies for Eight Fugitive Dust Source Categories Covered in the 2004 Handbook

7. Source Category Control Measure Control Efficiency Agricultural Tilling Conservation practices 25 - 100% Construction/Demo. Water unpaved surfaces 10 – 74% Materials Handling Wet suppression 50 – 70% Paved Roads Sweep streets 4 – 26% Unpaved Roads Apply water 10 – 74% Wind Erosion Artificial wind barriers 4 – 88% Published PM10 Control Efficiencies for Control Measures Show Large Variability

8. Sample Regulatory Format (Construction and Demolition)

9. Sample Compliance Tools (Open Area Wind Erosion)

10. Evaluation of Fugitive Dust Control Measure Options Due to large uncertainties in published control cost-effectiveness estimates, which range over several orders of magnitude, a standardized methodology was developed to calculate the cost-effectiveness of fugitive dust control measures rather than presenting published estimates.

11. Technical Approach for Calculating Cost-Effectiveness of Control Measures • Developed a uniform step-by-step methodology for calculating the cost-effectiveness for different control measures • Provided a generic sample calculation for each fugitive dust source category • Included lists of published control efficiencies for different control measures • Evaluation of control measure options should be based on cost data and assumptions applicable to the specific situation (location, season, etc.)

12. Steps to Calculate Cost-Effectiveness of Specific Control Measures • Identify applicable emission factor equation • Select a specific control measure for the fugitive dust source • Specify the basic parameters required to calculate uncontrolled and controlled emissions • parameters used in the emission factor equation • source extent (activity level) • control measure implementation schedule (freq./application rate) • Calculate emission factor from the applicable emission factor equation

13. Cost-Effectiveness Calculation (continued) • Calculate the annual uncontrolled emission rate as the product of the emission factor and the source extent • Determine the control efficiency of the control measure • Calculate annual controlled emission rate • Calculate emissions reduction due to control measure (uncontrolled minus controlled emission rate) • Gather cost estimates for implementing control measure • annualized capital costs • annual O&M/overhead/enforcement/compliance costs

14. Cost-Effectiveness Calculation (continued) • Calculate annualized capital investment cost • Calculate total annualized cost (sum of annualized capital investment cost plus annual O&M/overhead/enforcement/compliance costs) • Calculate cost-effectiveness ($/ton PM10 reduction) of selected control measure (total annualized costs divided by the emissions reduction)

15. 2006 Revisions to the Handbook • Revise each chapter and sample cost-effectiveness calculation to account for new estimates of PM2.5 fraction of fugitive dust being considered for adoption by the EPA based on MRI’s 2005 laboratory results • Address new source categories • Agricultural Harvesting • Mining and Quarrying • Livestock Husbandry • Abrasive Blasting • Expand existing chapters to incorporate new information

16. MRI’s Proposed PM2.5/PM10 Ratios

17. Agricultural Harvesting (new chapter) • AP-42 Emission Estimation Methodology (Section 9.3) • last updated Feb. 1980 • addresses PM7 rather than PM10 • CARB’s Emission Estimation Methodology (Section 7.5) • last updated Jan. 2003 (currently under review) • PM10 EFs developed for cotton, almonds and wheat serve as a baseline for over 200 other crops • PM2.5/PM10 = 0.222 • Control measures listed on CAPCOA’s website (http://capcoa.org/ag_clearinghouse.htm) • Control efficiencies for control measures are 8% - 70%

18. Mining & Quarrying (new chapter) • AP-42 Emission Estimation Methodology (Section 11) • 16 of 31 mineral products industries involve mining and quarrying • last updated in late 1990’s • PM10 EFs not available for all industries • lists EFs for both uncontrolled and controlled emissions • not all particulate emissions are fugitive • Supplemental EFs in EPA’s emissions trends documents • PM10 and TSP EFs and PM10/TSP ratios • Addressed at the District level rather than the state level in California (e.g., SCAQMD Rule 1157 adopted January 2005)

19. Mining & Quarrying (continued) • NEI Emission Estimation Methodology • utilizes the sum of emissions from metallic ore, nonmetallic ore, and coal mining operations • extraction of ore from the earth involves overburden removal, drilling and blasting, loading and unloading • coal mining also involves overburden replacement, and loading and unloading of the overburden • amount of overburden = 10 X coal mined • EFs for mining copper ore applied to all metallic ores • EFs for coal mining applied to all nonmetallic ores

20. Mining & Quarrying (continued) • NEI Emission Estimation Methodology (continued) • does not include the following activities that are assumed to be well controlled (CE = 78% to >99.5%) • transfer and conveyance • crushing and screening • storage • travel on haul roads • PM10 EFs • 0.054 lb/ton for metallic mining • 0.29 lb/ton for nonmetallic mining • 0.51 lb/ton for coal mining

21. Other New Chapters for the Handbook • Livestock Husbandry • Not addressed in AP-42 • CARB Emission Estimation Methodology (Section 7.6) • PM10 EF for dairies = 6.7 lb/1000 head/day • PM10 EF for feedlots = 29 lb/1000 head/day • PM2.5/PM10 ratio = 0.114 • Abrasive Blasting • AP-42 PM10 EF = 26 lb/ton of sand • Using grit or shot instead of sand as the abrasive media reduces PM emissions by 76% and 90%, respectively • PM2.5/PM10 ratio = 0.10

22. Planned Expansion of Existing Chapters • Incorporate DEJF’s definition of fugitive dust • Include discussion of fugitive dust transport issues • Incorporate Environ’s work addressing wind erosion emission estimates • Incorporate new information on demonstrated control measures

23. Fugitive Dust Websitewww.wrapair.org/forums/dejf/fdh • Website populated with material from the handbook • primary menu laid out by source category • includes links to other useful resources • Downloadable files include: • Word & PDF text files for each source category plus for the entire handbook • Interactive Excel cost-effectiveness calculation spreadsheets with lookup tables of default values for different parameters for each source category • History of revisions

24. ANY QUESTIONS? For further information, contact: rcountess@aol.com