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Ch 20, Sec 1: Mobilizing for War and Ch 20, Sec 2: Early Battles

Ch 20, Sec 1: Mobilizing for War and Ch 20, Sec 2: Early Battles. American Success. U.S. fought on two fronts and won because of: 1. Patriotism 2. War Production of supplies/weapons 3. Desire to beat the Germans. U.S. Mobilizes for War. 1940: U.S. gov’t started preparing for war

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Ch 20, Sec 1: Mobilizing for War and Ch 20, Sec 2: Early Battles

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  1. Ch 20, Sec 1: Mobilizing for Warand Ch 20, Sec 2: Early Battles

  2. American Success • U.S. fought on two fronts and won because of: • 1. Patriotism • 2. War Production of supplies/weapons • 3. Desire to beat the Germans

  3. U.S. Mobilizes for War • 1940: U.S. gov’t started preparing for war • Had 50,000 planes built per year • Allowed businesses to make a profit by building more goods faster (cost-plus contracts) • Paid businesses to convert factories to make wartime goods (200,000 companies by 1942)

  4. Building Military Supplies • Car Companies: • Started building tanks (85,000) and planes • Also made guns, ammo, helmets, etc • Liberty Ships: • Cargo ships for supplies • Cheap, hard to sink, and easy to build • Lasted longer than normal ships

  5. Rebuilding the Military • Military was down sized after WWI • Germany’s success in Europe frightened the U.S. • FDR ordered the army to add 227,000 men • Created the Selective Service and Training Act • (AKA the draft)

  6. Welcome to the Army • Soldiers were called GIs • Not enough weapons for training/places to sleep • Given shots to protect the men from European, Asian, and African diseases • Trained for 8 weeks and then sent to war • Not well trained but proved effective once the fighting started

  7. African Americans in WWII • At the start of the war: • Fought in segregated units • Ran by white officers • Were not allowed to fight • Given construction and supply jobs

  8. “Double V” Campaign • A strategy for African-Americans to get equality in the U.S. • Encouraged African Americans to join the war effort to get a double Victory: • End Hitler’s racism • Stop racism within the U.S.

  9. African Americans in Combat • Middle/End of the war: • FDR allowed segregated units to fight • Pushed for recruiting of minorities • Tuskegee Airmen • All black fighter pilots in Italy • Had the lowest loss ratio of any unit • 614th Tank Battalion • Fought in Europe/Battle of the Bulge • Awarded 8 Silver Stars, 28 Bronze Starts, and 79 Purple Hearts • Helped break the racial divide

  10. Women in the Army • Used in non-combat roles • Allowed the men to leave jobs to join the fighting • WAAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps)-non-military • WAC (Women’s Army Corps)-military • 68,000 joined as nurses

  11. Alliances

  12. Japan takes the Philippines • Attacked the same day as the Pearl Harbor attack • Gen. MacArthur retreated to the Bataan Peninsula • U.S. troops lasted for 3 months before surrendering • Gen. MacArthur was moved to Australia before his troops surrendered

  13. Bataan Death March • April 9, 1942-U.S. troops surrendered the Philippines • 78,000 troops were marched to a Japanese prison camp • 1,000s died on the way

  14. Doolittle Raid • FDR’s plan to regain U.S. morale after losing the Philippines • Sent B-25 bombers to bomb Tokyo, Japan • Revenge for Pearl Harbor • First time U.S. bombs would attack Japan • 71 of 80 men survived

  15. Battle of the Coral Sea: March 1942 • Japan planned to attack New Guinea to cut American supply lines • U.S. Code breakers intercepted the message • U.S. sent 2 aircraft carriers to ambush the Japanese fleet • U.S. won but both aircraft carriers were destroyed/damaged

  16. Battle of Midway: June 4, 1942 • U.S. intercepted another Japanese order to attack the island of Midway • Japanese fleet ambushed again • 4 of their aircraft carriers were attacked and sunk • Retreated

  17. Results of the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway • Japanese forced to turn away • Japan lost a large portion of it’s navy • Japan could no longer be on the offensive • Turning point in the war in the Pacific

  18. U.S. in Europe • Russia (Stalin) begged for the U.S. to attack Germany’s western boundaries • Britain (Churchill) and U.S. (FDR) decided to attack Germany’s edges in North Africa

  19. U.S. in North Africa • Invaded Morocco and Algeria Nov 8, 1942 • Reasons for Africa: • U.S. troops will gain experience in combat • Help British troops fighting German troops in Egypt (British needed the Suez Canal for resupplying their colonies)

  20. Plan for North Africa • Gen. Patton would attack with his tank battalion in Morocco and Algeria • U.S. would push the Germans east to Tunisia • British units would push west from Libya • Germany won at first (killed ld push 7,000 men/200 tanks) • Allies finally defeated the Germans on May 13, 1943

  21. Americans help fight at home • German u-boats attacked cargo ships at sea • Caused an oil shortage • American cities used “black outs” to protect the boats • Dimmed city lights • Drove with no head lights • Convoy system created to protect the boats • Radar depth charges, sonar used to sink u-boats

  22. Battle of Stalingrad • Germany attacked Stalingrad, Russia in the spring of 1942 • Key city for industry/trade for Russia • After 6 months, the Germans took the city but the Russians refused to retreat • Nov 1942-Feb 1943-Russia surrounded the city and defeated the Germans • Last German offensive of the war

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