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The Evolution of Multi Array Connectivity (aka MT/MPO/MTP) Robert A. Reid

The Evolution of Multi Array Connectivity (aka MT/MPO/MTP) Robert A. Reid Sr. Product Development Manager. Agenda. Historical Perspective - MT Technology The MPO & MTP Connector System MPO Standards Plug/Play Ethernet & Fibre Channel Structured Cabling Components

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The Evolution of Multi Array Connectivity (aka MT/MPO/MTP) Robert A. Reid

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  1. The Evolution of Multi Array Connectivity (aka MT/MPO/MTP) Robert A. Reid Sr. Product Development Manager

  2. Agenda • Historical Perspective - MT Technology • The MPO & MTP Connector System • MPO Standards • Plug/Play Ethernet & Fibre Channel Structured Cabling Components • MPO Performance Issues/Cleanliness • Future MPO Designs • Migration to 40/100G & beyond 32G Fibre Channel • Field testing w/ MPO

  3. MT Ferrule Technology Historical Perspective • In the 1980’s, NTT in Japan began to build a fiber optics based communication infrastructure. • Fusion splicing high fiber count cables was too disruptive. • Pre-terminated MT ferrule ribbon cables enabled installers to have a quick and reliable means to mechanically splice multiple fibers in communication infrastructures. • In the 1990’s NTT-AT developed the MPO (Multifiber-Push-On) type connector to replace the original mechanical spring clamp/index matching gel method to mate MT ferrule connections (below right).

  4. Multi-Fiber Connectors The MT Ferrule Design Details • Rectangular Shape with Guide Pin Holes • Monolithic, high precision, molded component (2f - 72f) • Highly (60-80%) glass filled engineering polymer (typically Polyphenylene Sulfide) • Large amount of glass filler improves thermal stability relative to glass. Compare with typical single fiber ferrules which are ceramic or zirconia. Glass Filled Polymer Optical Fiber 1985: SM MT Ferrule technology established by NTT Laboratories. (Thermosetting Epoxy Material) 1988: NTT releases Thermoset MT technology into commercial subscriber lines. Widely used in Japan as a pre-engineered mechanical splice for outside plant applications. MT Ferrule Origins

  5. Multi-Fiber Connectors MT Ferrule Technology • Optical performance is based on: • Fiber Alignment (axial & angular based on ferrule & guide pin) • True Position of fiber-holes in the ferrule relative to alignment pin holes • Tolerance of the alignment pins • Diameter tolerance of fiber holes and alignment pin holes • Fiber Tip Contact (endface geometry + connector spring force) • Fiber Tip Cleanliness & Quality + + Connector Component Quality Endface Quality Fiber Tip Quality The fiber alignment is independent of the adapter!

  6. MPO Mechanical Interface Key Standards The MPO connector family is defined by two existing standards. Internationally the MPO is defined by IEC-61754-7. In North America the MPO is defined by TIA-604-5 (also called FOCIS 5). The MTP® brand multi-fiber connector is the trademarked name for US Conec’s MPO connector. The MTP® connector is fully compliant with both FOCIS 5 and IEC-61754-7. The MTP® connector is fully intermateable with any FOCIS 5 or IEC-61754-7 compliant MPO connector MTP® Connector or MPO - What is the Difference?MTP® Brand Connector = High Performance MPO

  7. Why Multi-Fiber?: DENSITY SC vs. MPO Cable Connector Footprint 82 mm2: 82 mm2/Fiber 82 mm2: 12F: 7.9 mm2/Fiber 24F: 4.0 mm2/Fiber 72F: 1.3 mm2/Fiber > 63X Density w/72F Ferrules

  8. MPO Connector Overview Gendered and Polarized Protruded Fiber Tips ~1-3 microns typical While various MT ferrule based connectors have been on the market for many years, the MPO push-pull connector format is the most common Flat or 8 deg APC endface Female Plug w/ Guide Pin Bores Adapter / Coupler Male Plug w/ Guide Pins

  9. MTP Connectors Component Parts Boot Crimp Ring Inner Housing Spring Female Retainer (No Pins) Male Retainer (Pins) MTP ‘Ferrule’ Ferrule Outer Housing Dust Cap

  10. MTP®Connector Overview Technical Advantages over Standards-based MPO • Patented ferrule floating mechanism for improved mechanical loading performance • Patented elliptical guide pin shape for minimal debris generation when compared to chamfered pins • Enhanced spring centering for consistent performance and protection of the fiber array • Oval spring designs accommodate multi-ribbon, higher fiber count applications • Removable housing (some skill required) for gender changes, reworks, interferometer scans, etc. • It is fully intermateable with any FOCIS 5 or IEC-61754-7 compliant MPO connector

  11. FOCIS-5 Connectors What Does the Standard Say About MTP/MPO? Plug designation The complete designation for a FOCIS 5 connector plug is: FOCIS 5P-n-k-a-c-t where: P designates that it is the plug n is the number of fibers k defines the keying configuration a is the angle of contact c designates alignment pins or holes t alignment pin/hole diameter Number of Fibers Eight values have defined for the number of fibers 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 & 24

  12. FOCIS-5 Connectors What Does the Standard Say About MTP/MPO? Plug Keying Single keying option for FOCIS 5 plugs has been defined, k = 1. Contact Angle Angle between the plane of contact between mating fibers and a plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the plug. a = 0, designates an angle of 0° a = 8, designates an angle of 8° Connector Gender c = 1, Interface that contains alignment pins c = 2, Interface that contains alignment holes Alignment pin/hole Diameter t = 1 Tight Tolerance for SM fiber applications t = 2 Standard Tolerance for MM fiber applications

  13. MTP Connector System Definition of “Fiber 1” Adapter Keyway Fiber 12 White Mark indicating fiber #1 Fiber 1

  14. Key (Up) Ribbon Cable Ferrule Adapter Push-On Housing  Latch Key (Down) Flat Polish (multimode) a=0 Angled Polish (singlemode) a=8 MTP Connector System Singlemode Variant • Singlemode MTP connectors are polished at a nominal eight (8) degrees with respect to the connector key • Return Loss from the angled interface is maximized (>55dB) • Assures that the normal Key Up/Key-Down adapter sleeve aligns the angled surfaces to compliment each other • Precludes the use of Key Up/Key Up adapters for the single application (unless two different connector polishing orientations are made – not in the FOCIS document for SM)

  15. MTP Adapters Two Different MTP/MPO Adapters Adapter designation Designation for a FOCIS 5 connector adapter is: FOCIS 5A-k-m where: A designates that it is the adapter k defines the keying configuration m defines the mounting configuration Adapter Keying Options Two options are defined for the adapter keying configuration: k = 1 - standard keying configuration for FOCIS 5 adapters k = 2 - alternative keying configuration

  16. MTP Adapters Two Different MTP/MPO Adapters • Type-A Array Adapters (k=1) • Type-A adapters mate two array connectors with the connector keys opposed (key-up to key-down) • Designated as FOCIS 5A-1-0 (ANSI/TIA/EIA-604-5C) • Type-B Array Adapters (k=2) • Type-B adapters mate two array connectors with the connector keys aligned (key-up to key-up) • Designated as FOCIS 5A-2-0 (ANSI/TIA/EIA-604-5C) • Type-B adapters are identified (by color/labeling) to distinguish from Type-A adapters Keys are on opposing sides Keys are on same side

  17. MPO Variants 4 Through 72 Fiber Connectors

  18. Fiber Connector Theory Lateral Offset Lateral Offset results when the centerlines of two fibers are not perfectly aligned. LO is typically the single largest contributor to insertion loss. • A 2 micron axial misalignment on 50 micron multimode fiber would result in an 8% reduction in the overlapping area and a similar reduction (loss) of coupled power. • However 2 microns of axial misalignment on 9 micron singlemode fiber results in approximately a 36% reduction of the overlapping area and coupled power.

  19. Fiber Connector Theory Molding and Alignment Technology 0.699 -0.701mm True Position Factors • Guide Pin Hole Center • Fiber Hole Pitch • Guide Pin Hole Position • Fiber Hole Diameter • Guide pin Hole Diameter • Fiber Hole Position 125-128µm 250µm

  20. MTP Connector Performance Mated Connector Loss Connector Loss distribution is a one-sided Rayleigh Distribution

  21. MTP Connector Attributes Key Metrics which impact fiber tip physical contact • Connector spring force • Fiber tip shape • Fiber tip height variation • Ferrule surface shape and angular orientation relative to guide pin bores • Best fit fiber tip line angles relative to guide pin bores • Ferrule material properties • Guide pin material properties • Pin to hole friction

  22. MT Optical Interface Key Standard - IEC 61755 Part 1 - General & Guidance Part 2 - Axial and Angular Offsets Part 3 - MT Ferrule Dimensional Limits 61755-3-31 - PPS ferrule in development 61755-3-32 - Thermoset ferrule in development PAS 61755-3-31 PPS publicly available specification defines key metrics: RX, RY, GX, GY, Fiber protrusion/undercut, Max height difference all fibers, Max adjacent fiber height differential PAS 61755-3-32 Thermoset publicly available specification (identical to PPS PAS) IEC 61755-3-X series documents have two primary elements: • Attributes which pertain to fiber core alignment • Attributes which pertain to fiber tip physical contact

  23. Polishing Techniques “Special” end-face morphology created to support the >20dB component RL requirement for IEEE 802.3.ae & ANSI-FC-PI-x MTP Connector Performance Physical Contact & RL Assurance Uniform Height

  24. MTP Connector Performance Height Processing Capability for Panduit CR 7616 MTP ends Panduit Spec. = 4 microns max. above MTP ferrule surface fiber Protrusion in microns Fiber

  25. MT Optical Interface Standard MTP Ferrules

  26. MT Optical Interface ‘Elite’ MTP Ferrules - - Performance ‘Enhancing’ Dimensions vs. 0.700mm +/-.001 1 2 vs. 0.127mm +/-.001 3 Not shown on print – ‘Elite’ fiber hole true position from pin alignment datum is reduced from 0.003 mm to 0.0015 mm 4 vs. 0.6970mm to 0.7010mm

  27. Performance Benchmarking Std. vs. ‘Elite’ MTP Ferrules Deployed in Channels 2 Cassette Link with std. fiber & std. MTP ferrules 2 Cassette Link with std. fiber & ‘Elite’ MTP ferrules Benchmark Simple link (2 cassette) testing comparing distribution of permanent link loss for standard MTP Cassettes to those built with US Conec ‘Elite’ MTP ferrules Headroom gain >0.1dB per cassette (per mated MTP) and overall loss variation reduced significantly ‘Elite’ ferrules are available commercially to all Plug & Play suppliers

  28. MPO Performance Maintenance Impact of Contamination • The chart above is a summary of a study from NTT-Advanced Technology that polled network owner and cable installers on the sources of network failures • 98% of cable installers and 80% of network owners answered “Yes” to having contamination be the root cause of a network failure.

  29. MPO Performance Maintenance Signal Degradation on MT Ferrules

  30. MPO Performance Maintenance Lasting Effects of Contamination Initial Clean Endface • Debris generated from normal wear in mating and de-mating • Dry wall dust • Saw dust • Residues from end caps (outgassing) • Skin oil • Suntan lotion • Alcohol residue • Water residue • Vegetable oil • Hand lotion • Dryer lint • Saltwater residue • Graphite Contaminated Endface Mated 5 times dirty then cleaned results in severe permanent damage

  31. MPO Performance Maintenance IEC 61300-3-35 Measurement Regions • Notes: • All data above assumes a 125μm cladding diameter. • Multimode core zone diameter is set at 65μm to accommodate all common core sizes in a practical manner. • A defect is defined as existing entirely within the inner-most zone which it touches. • Criteria must be applied to all fibres in the array for functionality of any fibres in the array Zone A Zone B

  32. MPO Performance Maintenance Best Practice: Cisco Systems This workflow chart comes from Cisco Systems Document 51834 titled “Inspection and Cleaning Procedures for fiber Optic Connections” Cisco Systems advocates starting with dry cleaning. If the contamination is not removed after the second cleaning cycle, a wet-dry solution is called for.

  33. MPO Performance Maintenance Best Practice: Cisco Systems Cleaning Cassettes Relatively mature cleaning technology using a reel of specialty fabric Examples include: OPTIPOP, CLETOP, etc. Sticks & Swabs Swabs may are beneficial for cleaning connector end faces installed in adapters - Examples include: Sticks, swabs, etc. Solvents Solvents provide a chemical action to clean fiber optic connector end faces. Examples include: Water, alcohol, HFE, etc. Compressed Gas Compressed gasses provide a mechanical action for removing particulate contamination - Examples include: Canned air, CO2 snow, N, air compressors Mechanical Cleaning Tools Relatively new technology that advances a cleaning cloth across the end face in a controlled fashion - Examples include: IBC™ Brand Cleaning tools

  34. Multi-Fiber Connectivity Technology Evolution • Fiber Count Trend: Higher density ferrules reduce connector component cost and processing cost per fiber • MPO Port Trend: Ganged high fiber count ferrule connectors can reduce link cost and further increase density • Application Trend: Performance specific components and termination methods designed specifically for link application requirements Cable OD: 3.0mm Cable OD: 3.8mm Cable OD: 5.5 mm Cable OD: 7.5 mm

  35. Future MT Technology MT Lensed Ferrules • Same outer footprint as traditional MT • Compatible with MTP® connectors and other MT based connector platforms • Connectors are backwards compatible to use traditional ferrules for low-loss applications • Lower mating force required ~2.5N vs. 10-20N • Rows up 16F wide (~500 micron alignment posts, increased pitch) • Row count up to 4F

  36. Future MT Technology MT Lensed Ferrules • Collimating lenses • Micro-holes for precision alignment • Traditional pins or hermaphroditic, molded guide post • 36 Fiber, 3 x 12; 700 micron alignment posts (4.6mm pitch) • 2 rows on 500 micron pitch (traditional 24F footprint) • 1 x 12 single row in center • Molded post & hole alignment • TBD x 16 (up to 4 rows); 550 micron alignment posts (5.2mm pitch) • Future higher fiber counts TBD Epoxy windows Optical Stop Plane 50 micron recess for lens array Fiber Lead-in area Precision micro holes

  37. 1-32Gb Fibre Channel & 40/100Gb Ethernet Market Evolution • 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet will initially be niche applications • Fiber solutions are just starting to be commercialized using Multimode media for intermediate reach Source: Dell’Oro January, 2011 Source: Gartner December, 2011

  38. Impact on Cabling Infrastructure From Serial Duplex to Parallel

  39. Ongoing IEEE 802.3 Higher Speed Efforts Standardization - March 2015 0 to 106m: 100G over OM4,Parallel multimode fiber (850nm) 100GBASE-SR4 4x25G QSFP+ with MPO Retimed Module – CDR in module for optical transmitter 0 to 20m: 100G Ultra-short reach, Un-retimed parallel optics 100GBASE-UR4 4x25G QSFP+ with MPO Parallel Optics Fiber Lower power "SR-lite” 100GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-UR4 to be interoperable 0 to 500m: 100G Over single-mode fiber (1310nm window) 4 PMD Options under consideration: - Parallel Optics – 100GBASE-PSM4 - Duplex fiber pair: - Wavelength Division Multiplexing – WDM - Discrete Multi-Tone – DMT - Pulse Amplitude Modulation – PAMn ? (TBD) 0 to 40000m: 40G Ultra-long reach over single-mode fiber 40GBASE-ER4 4x25G QSFP+ with MPO Single-mode Duplex Fiber Pair - In support of Metro Area Networks - Extended reach option to 40GBASE-LR4 - Same CWDM wavelengths, 20km and 40km options Call-For-Interest (March 2013 Plenary) – 400G Ethernet Interest to standardize 1Terabit PMD No proposals to date ? (TBD)

  40. MPO-Based 40/100G Cabling Designing with Link Power Budgets • Data Centers architected on basis of 100m (minimum) channels • Designers value structured cabling model • Flexibility • Troubleshooting • Modularity • Use of Structured Cabling System (SCS) strongly recommended • Many designers prefer flexibility offered by any to any cross connect (Centralized Patching Location) • SCS provides protected solution serving current requirements as well as allowing for easy expansion • 10G systems meant to be “future-proofed” for 40/100G must be carefully designed not to exceed power budgets

  41. MPO Fiber Cassette 24 Fiber 10 Gig LC Implementation • Cassettes are used in bay to bay, long and short reach applications • These elements are considered part of the Permanent Link • All Cassettes have c=1 MTP connectors (male, pins) • Depending on wiring configuration, cassettes may deploy k=1 or k=2 MTP adapters (Key-up/Key-down or Key-up/Key-up) • 2 different wiring methods for these are specified in the standards (‘A’ & ‘B’) 12 pack of duplex 10G LC adapters

  42. MPO Assemblies/Trunks Wiring Definitions per TIA-568-C.3 sec 5.2.2.3 Break-out legs supplied as flat ribbon multi-fiber units with wiring per TIA-568-C.3 sec 5.2.2.3 Pulling “Sock” (protects connectivity during installation) MTP multi-fiber array connectors broken out from cable Pulling “Eye”

  43. MPO Harness/Hydra What is it? Hydra n. Greek Mythology - The many-headed monster that was slain by Hercules • Strengthened (or un-strengthened - 900 micron) breakout assembly of an MTP connector that fans to individual ‘traditional’ connectors (SC, LC, MT-RJ) • Facilitates Routing of trunking assemblies directly to the rack and interconnect to SAN directors or switches via MTP (FAP solution with MTP feedthrough) • Hydra assemblies by default have c=1 MTPs (male, pins); Key Up/Key Down by default • Considered as a Specialized patchcord (not part of Perm. Link)

  44. 10G Links 40/100G Links

  45. Fiber Polarity Parallel Transmission Example - 40GBASE-SR4 TIA 568C.0 Single Row Parallel Transmission with array cables Method ‘B’

  46. Fiber Polarity Proposed Multi-Row Parallel Examples (currently not standardized) - 100GBASE-SR10

  47. MPO-Based 40/100G Cabling 40GBASE-SR4/100GBASE-SR10 Channel Budget Power Budget (8.3dB) 100 meter Channel • Channel Insertion Loss (CIL) = 1.9dB • = 1.5dB (connectors) + 0.4dB (fiber) Source: IEEE

  48. MPO-Based 40/100G Cabling Link Power Budgeting for Cabling • Trade-off between SCS ‘wants’ and IEEE requirements 1.60 1.50 • 100 meter OM3 channel with two 0.75dB (Max.) connectors (1.5dB connector insertion loss total) 1.40 1.30 Total Connector Loss (dB) 1.20 1.10 • 150 meter OM4 channel with two 0.50dB (Max.) connectors (1.0dB connector insertion loss total) • “Engineered Link” 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 OM3 0.30 OM4 0.20 0.10 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 Maximum Reach (m) Source: Panduit extrapolation from IEEE model

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