Uprooting the Culture of Sexual Assault in the Armed Forces through a Gender Aware Perspective

1. Uprooting the Culture of Sexual Assault in the Armed Forces through a Gender Aware Perspective By Cheryl Abbate

2. Agenda • Statement of the Problem • Diagnosis of the Problem • Solution to the Problem

3. Part 1: The Problem

4. The Problem • 26,300 (approx) occurred in 2012 in the military (up 34.5% from 2010) • Only 3,000 (approx.) were reported • Only 300 (approx). were prosecuted; there is a .9% conviction rate • 23-28% of women will be sexually assaulted while serving their country (this is twice as high as the civilian sector); 11% will be raped • 53% of these crimes were MALE on MALE assaults • Only 14% of victims who report their assaults are males **Source: SAPRO 2012 Annual Report

5. So, No…. • Sexual assault in the military is not: • A result of “confusion about consent” • A result of “out of control hormones” • A crime that happens after someone has too much to drink • A woman’s issue; it’s not about the “damsel in distress”

6. There is still a misperception that this is a women's issue and women's crime. It's disheartening that we have such a differential between the genders and how they are choosing to report. • Nate Galbreath, the senior executive adviser for the Pentagon's sexual assault prevention office.

7. Proposed Solutions • Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office (SAPRO) 2013 Strategic Plan: • Bystander Intervention • Victim Reporting • Holding Commanders more accountable • Punishing wrongdoing • Victim Support • Pentagon: August 2013 Memorandum from Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel: • improved victim legal support • expansion of victim rights • enhancing protections • enhancing pretrial investigation • ensuring investigative quality • Congress: • Military Justice Improvement Act (Senator Kirsten Gillibrand) • Put the authority to investigate and prosecute sexual assault crimes into the hands of qualified legal experts with legal training.

8. Inadequacies of the Proposed Solutions • Only addresses what has happened after assault has occurred (response), rather than sexual assault prevention. • We need a reevaluation of military culture in addition to structural changes/criminal justice reform.

9. Part II: A Proper Diagnosis of the Problem

10. What we need…. • We need to take seriously the psychological and sociological research that has been conducted on gender, specifically masculinity, and how masculinity is connected to sexual violence and other anti-social activities • …..we need a Gender Aware Perspective • (Christopher Kilmartin)

11. A note about Gender and Sex • Male Vs Female • Man vs Woman/ Masculinity vs Femininity

12. Hypermasculinity/ Militarized Masculinities • Obsession with bodily strength • Homophobia • Obsession with power • Obsession with domination • Disdain for the emotions • Disdain for the feminine

13. My Focus • A critical reflection of the of the hypermasculineculture of the military, which is connected with a desire to dominate “feminine others” through aggressive and violent means. • Hypermasculinity= a recipe for sexual assault

14. Hypermasculinity and Vice

15. Bodily Strength and Domination • Stoicism • Dominating one’s bodily weaknesses • Physical exertion, lack of sleep, and exposure to climate variation • Performance of physically grueling activities regardless of exhaustion, pain, or injury • Pain is weakness leaving the body

16. Dehumanization and Dominance • Dominating one’s emotions; disabling one’s empathetic responses to killing others • Soldiers are formed into individuals who are able and willing to kill other human beings in order to protect the nation • Mechanisms of moral disengagement • “Target acquisition” • Derogatory names such as “gook” “zit” “towel-head” and “faggot”

17. Violence and Dominance • Desire to dominate others through aggression and violence • Basic Training Traditions • “What makes the green grass grow?” • “Blood, blood! Blood makes the green grass grow! Kill killkill!” • Cadences that glorify killing and violence • Bodies Bleeding Bodies: Load another magazine, in my trusty M16.Cuz all I ever wanna see is bodies, bleeding bodies. Throw another hand grenade! Should have seen the mess I made.Cuz all I ever wanna see is bodies, broken bodies. Stab em with the bayonet! If he squirms you're not done yet!Cuz all I ever wanna see is bodies, cut-up bodies.

18. Violent Cadences • Captain Jack: I’m gonna be a killin’ man A cuttin’ man A shootin’ man A stabbin’ man The best I can For uncle Sam. • Down by the River: Down by the river; took a little walk; ran into the enemy; we had a little talk; I didn’t like their attitude; didn’t like the way they walked; So I pushed ‘em; I shoved ‘em; I threw them in the river; laughed as they drowned.

19. Power and Dominance • Military’s Hierarchical structure • Top-down authoritarian structure which fosters a master/slave dynamic between subordinate soldiers and superiors who have unlimited authority that subordinates must accept without question • Unquestioning obedience • Absolute authority

20. Conclusion: Militarized Masculinities • The “military virtues” which are assumed to be necessary for effective fighting are the following: • Stoicism; non-femininity • Emotional detachment • Power • Domination through violence and aggression

21. Consequences of Military Masculinities • Disdain for the feminine • Those who are not real “men” should submit to the power and demands of the truly masculine. • A sense of entitlement • Soldiers are indoctrinated with the same lesson that motivates sexual aggressors: a real man has power and control, a real man dominates; a real man is on top. • A sense of inferiority or frustration

22. How is this related to sexual assault? • Institutions, like the military, that endorse masculine norms are found to have higher rates of sexual assault and harassment than other organizations (Gutek 1985; Gruber 1997) • Sexual violence is usually motivated by violence and a desire to conquer and control the victim (Groth 1979; Hunter 2007, 19; Kilmartin 2005) • Hypermasculinity= a recipe for sexual assault (and other anti-social activities)

23. The psychological thesis • Sexual assault is often a response to a feeling of powerless: society has defined a “real man” in such a masculine way that certain males hit a wall of despair trying to achieve this masculine identity without success • Men attempt to overcome their inadequaciesand express their masculinity through means of sexual aggression: finally they are able to control at least one thing in their life, namely, their sexual conquests

24. Psychological Thesis, Continued • When soldiers are unable to live up to the often unobtainable hyper-masculine ideals of military combat soldiers, they experience a sense ofmasculine inadequacy and anger • This response is inevitable when we consider the typical attitudes of men to constraining environments, such as the military which is authoritarian in nature: with such a rigid structure, subordinates are prone to foster anti-social behavior in order to protest such a constraining environment • Sexual aggressors, then, are often insecure, men who are motivated by a desire to dominate or exert power over another being (male or female!)

25. Restatement of the problem • Can we train Soldiers to be effective killers without indoctrinating in them vicious, hypermasculine character which gives rise to a culture of rape and sexual violence?

26. Is there a dichotomy? • Effective fighters, with a culture of sexual violence • Ineffective fighters, without a culture of sexual violence

27. Part 3: Possible Solutions

28. Solution 1: A philosophy of killing • Martial arts (Aikido), with a focus on the meditative component, into military training. • Such training will help soldiers remain less aggressive and violent, humble, and in touch with their emotions, thus countering hypermasculine tendencies of aggression, violence, domination, and power seeking. • Allows individuals to “vent negative emotions in a healthy way, lest they are otherwise repressed and later manifest in even darker ways” (Haffner & Vogel 2010, 148).

29. Aikido: A Philosophy of Killing • Self Defense • “No first strike” • Techniques to counter someone else’s initiation of violence by blending the motion of the opponent and redirecting the force of the attack • Neutralizers the attacker without using strength; abandons the idea of fighting with “brute force” • Emphasizes “soft techniques- the art of blending with an attacker’s vital energy, redirecting that energy in order to harmonize with it and so render it harmless” (Raposa 2003, 10-11).

30. Lessons from Aikido • We should eliminate fighting techniques that are excessively violent and destructive • We should avoid violence and to approach conflict with minimal force • We should control violence • We should use violence only as a last resort, thereby preventing him from initiating demands for dominance or an act of aggression, like sexual violence, in the first place.

31. Solution 2 • Can we soldiers be trained to kill without cultivating hypermasculinity? • Are there ways to effectively conduct military operations that do not require military personnel to foster anti-social traits?

32. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) • Unmanned systems, unlike soldiers who fight in ground combat, are immune to frustration, boredom, and anger which makes unethical conduct less likely (Lin, Bekey, Abney 2008) • Arkin (2009: 30): combat soldiers often act on emotions such as anger, fear, frustration and revenge which often causes them to disregard military regulation and the laws of war. ….the use of emotionless UAVs might, in fact, eliminate the atrocities that stem from unraveling emotions caused by the direct experience of killing others • under the condition that they lessen civilian casualties and save lives

33. Questions? Cheryl.abbate@marquette.edu

34. A Final Word About Victim Blaming "We have to fight the cultural stigmas that discourage reporting and be clear that sexual assault does not occur because a victim is weak, but rather because an offender disregards our values and the law," Hagel said.