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Principles of specimen collection in pathology

Principles of specimen collection in pathology. Jumphol Mitchai MD Department of pathology KKU. Pathology services. Surgical pathology Cytopathology Exfoliative cytology Body fluids Fine needle aspiration (FNA, FNAC, FNAB ) Cytogenetics Autopsy . Surgical pathology.

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Principles of specimen collection in pathology

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  1. Principles of specimen collection in pathology Jumphol Mitchai MD Department of pathology KKU

  2. Pathology services • Surgical pathology • Cytopathology • Exfoliative cytology • Body fluids • Fine needle aspiration (FNA, FNAC, FNAB) • Cytogenetics • Autopsy

  3. Surgical pathology • Examined all tissues and foreign objects removed from living patients • Specimens not to be submitted must be written as hospital policy • Practice of pathologists • Pathological diagnosis : “ Gold standard in medicine ”

  4. Specimen collection in surgical pathology • Incisional biopsy : for diagnostic purpose • Excisional biopsy : for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes • Tissue collection by instruments : needle biopsy, core biopsy, punch biopsy, curettage, shave biopsy, Bard biopsy, endoscopic biopsy • Necropsy = biopsy from dead body • Organs from operation rooms

  5. General rules for the biopsy • Larger the lesion - more numerous biopsies • Ulcerated tumor – recommend peripheral biopsy • Avoid necrosis and hemorrhage areas • All fragments must be sent to the pathology department • Not crushing, squeezing, cautery • Immediately fix in fixatives • Orientating specimen e.g. deep margin, superior and inferior margins by using sutured threads (long, short)

  6. Containers • Transparency • Lid • Leak-proof • Wide mouth, flat bottom • Size corresponding to specimen volume • Label

  7. Fixation of the tissue • Hard tissues take more time to thoroughly fixed than soft tissue. • Penetration rate, around 1 mm./hr. in general (variable, depends on consistency of the tissue). • 10 times volume of fixative over the specimen volume is needed.

  8. Fixatives Neutral buffered formalin - fixation time 12-24 hours. • Formalin (40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde) - 100ml • Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (monohydrate) - 4g • Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (anhydrous) - 6.5g • Distilled water - 900ml This fixative is suitable for most histological purposes. It is to be preferred to formol-saline (a single 10% solution of formalin in 9% aqueous NaCl) as formalin pigment is avoided. Specimens may be stored in this fluid. The solution is isotonic.

  9. การเตรียมสิ่งส่งตรวจ 1 การติดสลากบนภาชนะใส่ข้อมูลผู้ป่วยให้ครบถ้วน ชื่อสกุล HN เพศ อายุ แพทย์เจ้าของไข้ หอผู้ป่วย มีการติดสลากบนทุกภาชนะ 2 การเขียนใบนำส่ง ใส่ข้อมูลผู้ป่วยในทุกช่องรายการข้อมูล specimen(organ), method of specimen collection, characteristics, clinical informations)

  10. Filling the request forms (1) 1. identified of the patient 2.identified specimen ( gross appearance, cyst, vascular, inking for margin) type of surgery ( biopsy, wide excision) surgical finding 3. adequate clinical history(necessary) prior diagnosis, immune status (HIV), prior treatment : radiation, chemotherapy bone lesion : X-ray finding

  11. Filling the request forms (2) bone lesion : X-ray finding hematolgic disease: CBC,bone marrow female reproductive lesion : LMP, hormone hepatitis : LFT4. Clinicaldiagnosis or differential diagnosis

  12. Immunohistochemistry and HER2 study • Use formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (paraffin block) • Must have request forms

  13. Frozen section • Intraoperative consultation • Fresh tissue was immediately freezed in liquid nitrogen and make an ultrathin section in cryostat • Frozen section is not a permanent section

  14. Cryostat • Cryostat = microtome in the freezing cabinet.

  15. Frozen sectioning

  16. Indications for frozen section • Benign or malignant lesions • Adequacy of surgical margins • Metastatic lymph node : sentinel nodes in breast carcinoma • Presence or absence of ganglion cells in large intestinal wall of Hirschsprung disease

  17. Diagnosis of frozen section • Benign VS malignant : not specific diagnosis • In case of doubt – wait for permanent section

  18. Specimens for frozen section • Fresh tissue • < 1cm. in size is recommended. • Put in plastic bag, tightly closed with rubber bands • Label on the plastic bag • Place the plastic bag in ice • Send it to pathology lab immediately

  19. Inappropriate specimens for frozen section • Large tumor or specimens • Highly infectious specimens : TB, HIV • Follicular lesion of thyroid (can not diffentiate between benign and malignant)

  20. Cytopathology • The study of individual cells or small clusters of cells for diagnosis and screening of diseases, including cancers • practice of screeners, cytotechnicians, cytopathologists

  21. Specimen collection in cytopathology • Specimens • Smear slide • Cervix (Pap smear) • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) • Bronchial brush • Fluid • Sputum • Bronchial wash • Body fluids, urine, CSF

  22. วิธีการเตรียมสิ่งส่งตรวจทาง cytopathology 1 สิ่งส่งตรวจที่ป้ายบนสไลด์ให้แช่ใน95%Alc. ทันที 2 Fluid specimen ให้นำส่งห้องlabทันที หรือเก็บในตู้เย็นได้นาน12-24ชม. 3 เขียนใบนำส่งที่มีรายละเอียดของผู้ป่วย และประวัติการเจ็บป่วย 4 ติดสลากระบุข้อมูลผู้ป่วยบนภาชนะหรือสไลด์ 5 ส่งห้องปฏิบัติการทันที

  23. Cytogenetics • Study structure of chromosome from cell culture • FISH in chromosome of leukemia • Specimens • Whole blood • Bone marrow • Amniotic fluid

  24. Specimen collection for cytogenetics • Sterile techniques • 2-5 ml. of blood or bone marrow in heparinized tube or sterile heparinized syringe • 20 ml. of amniotic fluid in sterile disposable syringe • Send to lab immidiately (with request form) or keep in refrigerator not more than 12 hours

  25. Service hours for cytogenetics • For blood specimen : Mon, Tue, Fri 9.00-16.00 • For Bone marrow : Mon, Thur 9.00-16.00 • For amniotic fluid : Tue 9.00-15.00 • Blood and bone marrow for FISH : Mon-Fri 9.00-16.00

  26. เกณฑ์การปฏิเสธสิ่งส่งตรวจเกณฑ์การปฏิเสธสิ่งส่งตรวจ ชื่อสกุล และHN ไม่ชัดเจน ชื่อสกุลในใบนำส่งและบนภาชนะไม่ตรงกัน HNไม่ตรงกับข้อมูลในเวชระเบียน ไม่ระบุหน่วยงานนำส่ง, แพทย์เจ้าของไข้ ไม่มีประวัติผู้ป่วยและผลการวินิจฉัยทางคลินิก ชนิดของสิ่งส่งตรวจไม่ตรงกับใบนำส่ง สภาพสิ่งตรวจไม่เหมาะสม

  27. Thank you

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