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W oman’s W orld In the 19th Century

W oman’s W orld In the 19th Century. Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson by John William Waterhouse, 1900. “Victorian”. ??????. Keira Knightley in Pirates of the Caribbean. The Corset. Camille Clifford. Corsets, crinolines, hoopskirts exaggerate hips, breasts, waist Impede movement,

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W oman’s W orld In the 19th Century

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  1. Woman’s World In the 19th Century Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson by John William Waterhouse, 1900

  2. “Victorian” ??????

  3. Keira Knightley in Pirates of the Caribbean

  4. The Corset Camille Clifford

  5. Corsets, crinolines, hoopskirts exaggerate hips, breasts, waist • Impede movement, breathing • Foster unrealistic image of woman’s body Cutaway view of crinoline, Punch, 1856

  6. Idealization of Woman as Angel/Goddess/Fairy/Mother • Paradox of ideal vs. real • “The Angel in the House” (Coventry Patmore) • “Blessed Damozel” • “Lady of Shalott” (Alfred Lord Tennyson) Emily Patmore, “The Angel in the House” by John Brettx

  7. Goddess The Blessed Damozel by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

  8. Fairy Midsummer’s Eve by Edward Robert Hughes

  9. Angel Angel by Abbot Handerson Thayer, 1889

  10. Mother Woman’s highest calling Mother and Child by Lord Leighton

  11. Influence of Queen Victoria 1819-1901 • Icon of femininie domesticity • Devoted wife to Albert and mother of nine • Retreated to seclusion at Albert’s death in 1861 Portrait of Queen Victoria Sir Francis Grant, 1843

  12. Impact of Industrial Revolution “Separate Spheres” Social theory enforcing gender polarity Home Work Place

  13. Separate Spheres • Men are rational, independent, competitive, and aggressive • Women are emotional, maternal, domestic, and dependent. • Men leave home to work: “public sphere” (business & politics) • Men have permission for moral laxity • Women rule the home and are confined to it: “private sphere” • Role of helpmeet, domestic manager, moral exemplum • Home is haven from factory, firm, “world” • Plush décor reflects cocooning

  14. Marriage • All wealth owned, inherited, or earned went legally to husband until 1882 • Divorce extremely rare for woman to secure • Inheritance through male line • Until 1891, runaway wife could be arrested and imprisoned • Husband could divorce for adultery; wife could not. 1850 Wedding Attire Victorian wedding attire

  15. AccidentalPregnancy • Birth control literature illegal • Activities heavily chaperoned--unwed pregnancy in upper class rare • Domestic servants often seduced by employer (typically expelled from house) • Infant abandonment/murder common • Unwed mother could sue father in court for child support Richard Redgrave’s The Outcast 1851

  16. Careers • Low-paid jobs only • 1851, 43% of British women over 20 had no husband (30% single, 13% widowed) • 90% of these worked 19th century milliners

  17. “Upper” Work • Upper” tradeswomen in towns: milliners & dressmakers • “Upper” servants of the wealthy: governesses, skilled cooks, housekeepers, senior parlour-maids, head house-maids and lady's maids

  18. “Lower” Work • Lower working classes: • began work age 8-12 • Worked until marriage if . . . • All earnings belonged to husband • “Lower” street hawkers: flowers, sweets, seafood, and fortune-telling • Lower servants of middle class: kitchen-maid, scullery-maid, laundress, nursemaid, housemaid • Single “maid-of-all-work”: 14-16 hours/day

  19. Domestic Servants • Largest category of woman’s work--50% 1880-1890

  20. No job-No family • Charity of wealthy benefactors or church • Prostitution • Begging • Workhouses • Suicide Watts’ Found Drowned

  21. The Lady of Shalott by John William Waterhouse

  22. Acknowledgements • Young servant: www.history.powys.org.uk • Wedding gowns: www.victoriana.com • Milliners: www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/womens_work_02.shtml • Hunt’s “The Awakening Conscience”: www.csun.edu/~jaa7021/h498/part3.htm • Corsets: www.staylace.com/gallery/index.html • Crinoline: www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/victcfsh.html • Camille Clifford: www.staylace.com/gallery • Queen Victoria: www.victorianweb.org • Servants: www.sensibility.com/vintageimages/victorian/ • Leighton Mother: www.victorianartinbritain.co.uk/leighton_mother.htm • Pirates of the Carribean: www.erasofelegance.com • Hughes: www.denison.edu/art/fairy • Waterhouse’s Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson: http://.cgfa.sunsite.dk/ • Thayer Angel: www.fineartcompanyltd.co.uk

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