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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests – 1450-1650

This text explores the Age of Early European Explorations and Conquests from 1450-1650, covering topics such as the spice trade, new maritime technologies, Spanish conquests, the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, and the impact of European expansion. Discover the motivations, achievements, and consequences of this transformative period.

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The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests – 1450-1650

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  1. The Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests – 1450-1650

  2. Earlier Explorations • Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca ( China, South China Sea) • A New Player  Europe • Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. • Better seaworthy ships. (Caravel) • Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

  3. Admiral Zheng He • Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide! 1371-1435

  4. Zheng He’s Voyages • In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

  5. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

  6. Ptolemy Geography – Latitude and Longitude

  7. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. (Ottomans) 1453 Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune. ( God, Gold,& Glory!!!!!)

  8. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

  9. New Weapons Technology

  10. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

  11. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

  12. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut. • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

  13. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

  14. Columbus’ Four Voyages

  15. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

  16. Other Voyages of Exploration

  17. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

  18. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

  19. The Death of Montezuma II

  20. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

  21. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

  22. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

  23. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

  24. The “Columbian Exchange”

  25. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

  26. Treasures from the Americas!

  27. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  28. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

  29. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

  30. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

  31. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

  32. European Empires in the Americas

  33. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

  34. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World • Encomiendaor forced labor. • Council of the Indies. • Viceroyalties • New Spain, Peru, New Grenada, & La Plata • Papal agreement.

  35. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

  36. Rivalry on the Iberian Peninsula • Spain- Isabella hated to lose • Portugal- first on the exploration kick with Henry the Navigator • How to break up the competition??? Enter the POPE!!! • Pope Alexander VI (aka Borgia) grants all territory south and west in the Atlantic to Spain • Treaty of Tordesilla(1493) moves the papal line of demarcation west to give Portugal ---Brazil!!!

  37. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

  38. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  Encomiendas treated as people, first humanitarian laws 1542

  39. New Colonial Rivals • Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. • Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. • First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. • Surat in NW India in 1608. • Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

  40. New Colonial Rivals

  41. Major Explorers • Bartholomew Diaz-Cape of Good Hope(Africa) • Columbus- to India but runs aground in NA • De Gama – does get to India by going east • Cabot – to NA – Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Cabral- to Brazil • Balboa – to Pacific from Panama • Magellan- goes ‘round the world • Cortes- conquers Aztecs and Mexico • Pizzaro- conquers Incas and Peru • Portuguese- to Japan and Macao • Raleigh- attempts colony Roanoke Island, NC

  42. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Increase Euro- Pop. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] Spain – Golden? New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries. Textile Industry Hurt

  43. New Patterns of World Trade

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