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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy & Physiology. Gk. ana tom up cut. Gk. physiología science of natural causes. FORM. FUNCTION. “All specific functions are performed by specific structures” pg. 4. automobile analogy. Anatomy. visible with eye. Gross.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Anatomy & Physiology Gk. anatom up cut Gk. physiología science of natural causes FORM FUNCTION

  3. “All specific functions are performed by specific structures” pg. 4 automobile analogy

  4. Anatomy visible with eye Gross surface regional systemic developmental (embryology) clinical

  5. Anatomy Microscopic anatomy cytology (Chapter 3) histology (Chapter 4)

  6. Physiology cell- special- systemic- pathological- “cornerstone” e.g., cardiac reprod. disease

  7. Levels of Organization chemical cellular tissues organs organ systems organism chapter 2 chapter 3 chapter 4 chapters 5 to 29

  8. Levels of Organization insert fig.1-1 pg. 7

  9. Fluids: inside cells outside cells • - cytoplasm • intracellular • (ICF) • - tissue fluid • extracellular • (ECF)

  10. the body monitors/adjusts: volume of body fluids composition of body fluids body temperature Homeostasis Mechanisms to maintain stable internal environment

  11. Homeostatic regulation: autoregulation extrinsic regulation adjustment within organ… nervous/endocrine system

  12. Homeostatic regulation: autoregulation • low O2 levels in organ • -release chemicals • -dilate blood vessels • -bring in more O2

  13. Homeostatic regulation: extrinsic regulation • control by nervous • or endocrine system

  14. Homeostatic regulation: nervous system • responses are: • rapid • short-term • specific e.g. reflex

  15. Homeostatic regulation: endocrine system • responses are: • slower • long term

  16. Homeostatic regulation: keep internal environment within certain limits

  17. Homeostatic regulation: • Three part mechanism: • receptor (stimulus) • control center • effector

  18. Homeostatic regulation: • room temperature: • receptor • control center • effector thermometer thermostat air conditioner stimulus ? warm air

  19. Homeostatic regulation: room temperature: negative feedback warm air temperature turns on air conditioner cools air temperature effector negates stimulus

  20. fig. 1-3

  21. Negative feedback: • most commom • thermoregulation • “set point” • “range”

  22. fig. 1-4

  23. Positive feedback: • not as common • exaggerated responses • e.g., blood clot formation

  24. fig. 1-5

  25. Homeostasis: Mechanisms to maintain stable internal environment balance dynamic equilibrium body temperature

  26. Homeostasis: systems influence each other their activity needs to be integrated

  27. Table 1-1

  28. Homeostasis: systems influence each other their activity needs to be integrated when malfunctions occurs: illness or disease

  29. Anatomical references: • Using in lab and lecture • Based on: • Latin • Greek • eponyms Homo sapiens pterygoid Golgi apparatus

  30. Anatomical references: landmarks

  31. fig. 1-6

  32. fig. 1-7 Anatomical references: landmarks regions

  33. Anatomical directions anatomical position see fig. 1-8, pg. 18 reference is subject not observer

  34. Anatomical directions antonyms vs. synonyms anterior posterior ventral dorsal superior inferior caudal cranial deep superficial distal proximal

  35. Anatomical planes and sections 3 planes transverse frontal (coronal) sagittal longitudinal) cranial/caudal dorsal/ventral left/right

  36. Body cavities Most major organs are suspended in cavities embryologically: coelom

  37. Body cavities 4 2 major cavities coelom thoracic peri- cardial pleural pleural diaphragm peritoneal (abdominopelvic) quiz?

  38. Body cavities each cavity has two layers visceral parietal on organs outer wall

  39. Body cavities fist balloon

  40. Body cavities fist balloon

  41. Body cavities fist balloon

  42. Body cavities fist balloon

  43. Body cavities fist balloon Is the fist inside the balloon?

  44. Body cavities two layers inner (visceral) replace fist with heart outer (parietal) ? cavity

  45. abdominal pelvic cavity miscellany peritoneal cavity (abdominopelvic)

  46. Anatomical miscellany some “abdominal” organs are “behind” the peritoneal cavity retroperitoneal e.g., kidneys, etc

  47. The Skeleton axial appendicular # 7 # 8

  48. axial skeleton fig. 7-1

  49. axial skeleton fig. 7-1b

  50. The Skeleton appendicular pectoral girdle + append. pelvic girdle + append.

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