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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Chapter 2 Minerals Reading: 2.1-2.6. Relationships to Earth Systems. Biosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Lithosphere Calcite  Limestone , Halite, Clay minerals. 2.1 What is a Mineral? .

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Minerals Reading: 2.1-2.6

  2. Relationships to Earth Systems • Biosphere • Hydrosphere • Atmosphere • Lithosphere • Calcite Limestone, • Halite, • Clay minerals

  3. 2.1 What is a Mineral? • A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

  4. Is Ice a Mineral? • According to our definition? • Naturally occurring? • Inorganic? Solid? • Chemical composition ? • Crystalline structure?

  5. 2.2 Chemical Composition • First lets go to Atoms ! • All matter is made of Atoms. • Every speck of Gas, liquid, or Solid surrounding you is a mix of millions of Atoms.

  6. Atoms and Elements

  7. “The Big 8” Most Abundant Elements in Earth Crust

  8. Charging Particles: Ions Positive Charge + Cation (1-8) Negative Charge – Anion (1-4)

  9. Other Bonds • Covalent Bond Between 2 Nonmetals neither one donates or gives up an electron, They simply Share in outer orbital shell forming Covalent bond • Metallic Bond very few electrons in the outer most electron shells. Instead of donating or sharing these electrons are released from the orbital shell and available for a nearby cluster of atoms to use. “floting in a sea of Electrons”

  10. Formulating Compounds • SiO2 • (Mg, Fe)2SiO4

  11. 2.3 Crystalline Nature of Minerals • A crystal is any substance whose atoms are arrange in a regular, periodically repeated pattern. • When atoms combine to form minerals they so in organized way that forms a geometric pattern called crystal.

  12. Crystals

  13. Minerals and Rocks • Room 222 ( Geology Building). • Geology Building lobby • Museum ?

  14. Physical Properties of Minerals • 1 Crystal habit (shape) • 2) Cleavage & fracture • 3) Hardness • 4) Specific gravity • 5) Color • 6) Streak • 7) Luster • Others (Taste, Reaction to Acid, magnetism. )

  15. Crystal Habit Quartz: elongated crystals Quartz: no characteristic shape

  16. Cleavage & Fracture

  17. Mohs Mineral Hardness Scale

  18. Specific Gravity Quartz 2.7 Au 19

  19. Color

  20. Luster

  21. Other

  22. Mineral Classes

  23. O Si O O O Silicates

  24. Carbonates

  25. 2.6 Commercially Important Minerals

  26. Important Minerals

  27. 2.7 Harmful and Dangerous Roks and Minerals • Asbestos. • Feldspar  Quartz

  28. Next Class • Rocks

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