AC3.1 Analyse situations of criminality

1. AC3.1 Analyse situations of criminality Here you have to consider why crimes have been committed, looking at both types of crime and individual behaviour. Apply theories considered in AC2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.

2. Learning Objectives • Analyse a range of crimes and criminal behaviour and understand possible causes through the application of biological, individualistic and sociological theories you studied. • To be able to explain situations of criminality relating to different types of crime and individual criminal behaviour. • To be able to describe situations of criminality relating to different types of crime and individual criminal behaviour.

3. Biological/Physiological Atavistic form - Lombroso Somatotypes-Sheldon-Endomorphic- Ectomorphic- Mesomorphic- Correlation study Brain abnormalityRaine-prefrontal cortex-amygdalaPhineas Gage CaseTexas Clock tower shooter Neurochemical-MOMA -Neurons-Serotonin-Testosterone Genetic theories XXY - John Wayne Gacy case- Jacobson research Twin Studies-Monozygotic twins-Dizygotic twins- Concordance ratesLang researchChristiansen research Adoption studiesHutchings & Mednickresearch

4. Individualistic Psychological theoriesPersonality types- Eysenck-Extraversion/ Introversion- Neuroticism/stability- Psychoticism- 700 soldiers study KolburgStages of moral reasoning- Pre-conventional reasoning- Conventional reasoning- Post conventional reasoningMoral dilemma studies Learning theories Social learning theory- Bandura- role models- aggression- Bobo dolls expt.- Jamie Bulger case Differential association - Sutherland-observational learning- ‘Universities of crime Psychodynamic theories Id, ego & super-ego- Freud- pleasure principle- reality principle- deviant role models Bowlby 44 thieves studyseparation in infancyjuvenile delinquents

5. Sociological Realism-Crime is real problem-political solutions-Free willRight RealismCharles Murray- Underclass- Poor socialisation- Low intelligence- Individual responsibility- Cost vs benefits- Target hardening- Harsh punishmentsLeft realismLea & Young- Excessive individualism- Materialism- Consumerism- Social Exclusion- Marginsalisation- Sub-Cultures- Perry Pre-School project • Functionalism- Durkheim- socialisation • norms & values • Boundary maintenance • Review laws • Warning sign • Safety valve • Strain theory- Merton- American dream • - Goals- Means- Rebels • - Retreatists • - Conformists • - Innovators- Ritualists Social StructureMarxismCriminongenic capitalism -Consumerism-Greed-Poverty-Alienation-White collar crime-Blue Collar crime-Laws benefit the rich-Selective enforcement InteractionismHoward Becker- Labelling-Stereotypes-Folk Devils-Moral Panics-Amplification- Master Status-Deviant Career

6. Starter Activity

7. Case File: ROBERT NAPPER • Robert Napper is the eldest child of Brian Napper, a driving instructor, and his wife Pauline. • His background was troubled and dysfunctional. • The marriage of his parents was violent and Napper witnessed violent attacks on his mother. • His parents divorced when he was 9 and he and his siblings (two brothers and a sister) were placed in foster care and underwent psychiatric treatment. • At age 13, Napper underwent a personality change after a family friend sexually assaulted him on a camping holiday. The offender was jailed,but Napper became introverted, obsessively tidy and reclusive, according to his mother. • He also bullied his siblings and spied on his sister while she was naked. • Robert Clive Napper • (Born 25 February 1966) • British serial murderer. • He has been convicted of two murders, one manslaughter, two rapes and two attempted rapes. • He was remanded in Broadmoor Hospital indefinitely on 18 December 2008 for the manslaughter of Rachel Nickell on 15 July 1992. • He was previously convicted of the 1993 double murder of Samantha Bisset and her daughter Jazmine. • Napper has been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia as well as Asperger's syndrome.

8. Robert Napper Affectionate Psychopath An individual who feels no remorse for their victim and no guilt. Application of Theory: Bowlby’s Attachment Theory and Social Learning Theory • Supports the proposition that a child needs a stable home environment to develop appropriately. • Separation experienced in childhood could have led to affectionate psychopathy. • Application of Theory: Social Learning Theory • Napper learned behaviours from those around him e.g. • Violent father. • Abuse of mother (Woman). • Raped as a child in the woods near his home. • Raped women later in life.

9. UPBRINGING: • His was a poor family of farm workers, his father was a disciplinarian and his mother overprotective. • Developed a lifelong habit of petty theft. • Fred claimed he was introduced to sex by his mother at 12, to have engaged in acts of bestiality with animals in his early teens, and that his belief in incest being normal stemmed from his father's incest with Fred's sisters. • Aged 17 he fell off his motorcycle and suffered a fractured skull, a broken arm, and a broken leg in an accident. He was unconscious for seven days and walked with braces for several months; • Developed an extreme fear of hospitals and became prone to fits of rage. Two years later, he suffered a further head injury when a girl he groped on a fire escape outside the Ledbury Youth Club punched him, sending him falling two floors. • June 1961, Fred was arrested for raping his sister and impregnating her, freely admitted to police he had been molesting young girls since his early teens and asked, "Doesn't everybody do it?" Case File: FRED WEST • Frederick Walter Stephen West • (29 September 1941 – 1 January 1995) • English serial killer • Committed at least 12 murders between 1967 and 1987 in Gloucestershire, the majority with his second wife, Rosemary West. • All the victims were young women. At least eight of these murders involved the Wests' sexual gratification and included rape, bondage, torture and mutilation; • the victims' dismembered bodies were typically buried in the cellar or garden of the Wests' Cromwell Street home in Gloucester, which became known as the "House of Horrors". • Fred also committed at least two murders on his own, and Rose murdered Fred's stepdaughter, Charmaine.

10. Fred West • Application of Theory: • Freud’s Personality Theory • Unable to progress from the pleasure seeking id to the reality principle where ego is dominant. • Needed instant sexual gratification • Application of Theory: Social Learning Theory • If rumours are true, his mother Introducing him to sex at an early age, may account for nature of his crimes later in life. • Maternal Role Model. • Application of Theory: • Brain Damage • Biological reason for his crimes • Motorcycle accident aged 17 • Severe head trauma to the pre • frontal cortex. • Could not control his impulsive • behaviour and urges for • deviant sexual gratification.

11. Case File: NICK LEESON • In 1992, he was appointed general manager of a new operation on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX).Barings had held a seat on SIMEX for some time, but did not activate it until Leeson was sent over. Leeson was sent to Singapore after he was denied a broker's licence in the United Kingdom because of fraud on his application.Neither Leeson nor Barings disclosed this denial when Leeson applied for his licence in Singapore. • From 1992, Leeson made unauthorised speculative trades that at first made large profits for Barings: £10 million, which accounted for 10% of Barings' annual profit. He earned a bonus of £130,000 on his salary of £50,000 for that year. • By the end of 1992, the account's losses exceeded £2 million, which ballooned to £208 million by the end of 1994. • Nicholas William "Nick" Leeson • (Born 25 February 1967) • Former English derivatives broker famous for bringing down Barings Bank, the United Kingdom's oldest merchant bank, into bankruptcy. • A rogue trader who made fraudulent, unauthorised and speculative moves, his actions led directly to the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank, for which he was sentenced to prison. In 2013 he appeared in Celebrity Apprentice Ireland on TV3. As of early 2018, Leeson is a Head Educator at a trading academy called Bizintra. He placed fourth in the twenty-second edition of Celebrity Big Brother.

12. Nick Leeson • Application of Theory: • Social Structure or Marxism • Leeson made bonuses of up to £150k • Possibly wanted to avoid falling into the disadvantaged working class. • Marxist argument: Working classes are heavily policed. • White collar crimes are not monitored by police, easier to conceal, get away with. • Application of Theory: • Eysenck’s Personality Theory • Leeson is an extrovert and a thrill seeker • Enjoyed the thrill of risk, being caught • and making money.

13. Causes of crime: Group Activity – P.6 workbook Working in groups, use the sociological theories of crime (LABELLING, FUNCTIONALISM, MARXISM) to come up with reasons why these crimes occur. Please use KEY TERMS and your notes to help you complete this task.

14. Is it possible to identify offenders before they offend? • Read the article on page 7 of your workbook and write down the 10 most important features of it. • Write the key points on page 8.

15. Example Question: Textbook page 112

17. Extension Task • Choose a serial killer. • Study their crimes, victimology and upbringing. • Which theories could explain their criminality?