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Unit 2 Fire Protection

Unit 2 Fire Protection. 1. Introduction 1.1. Fire protection begins with building construction and design 1.2. Definitions related to building construction

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Unit 2 Fire Protection

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  1. Unit 2 Fire Protection 1. Introduction 1.1. Fire protection begins with building construction and design 1.2. Definitions related to building construction 1.2.1. Fire Proof- a term that should never be used because no construction material is completely immune to the effects of fire 1.2.2. Fire Resistive - noncombustible materials which resist the effects of any fire to which the material may be exposed. Fire Resistive Assemblies

  2. Fire Resistive Coating Applied to Steel Beams

  3. 1. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.1. Beam A beam transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points (points of support). • Loading on a Beam • Types of Beams

  4. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.2. Column A column is a structural member which transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member. • Column Loading

  5. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.3. Joist and Truss A joist is one of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads. A truss is a framework of members that attains stability through triangular formations.

  6. Roof trusses

  7. Beams/Joists/Columns

  8. Beams/Joists/Columns

  9. Beams/Joists/Columns

  10. 1. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.4. Walls Walls transmit to the ground the compressive forces applied along the top or received at any point on the wall. • Types of Walls

  11. VS 3-6 WALL TYPES I Load-Bearing Nonload-Bearing Party

  12. VS 3-7 WALL TYPES II Veneer Fire Metal Straps Studs Plywood or Chipwood Cantilever Tar Paper Single Layer Brick Veneer

  13. 1. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.5. Foundations and Floors All loads are delivered to the ground through the foundation. A floor provides the supporting surface for the contents of a building load.

  14. Foundations – Poured Walls

  15. Foundations – Poured Floors

  16. 1. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.6. Connectors Connections transfer the load from one structural element to another and are a vital part of a structure’s gravity resistance system.

  17. 1. Introduction 1.3 Building Components 1.3.7. Roofing The basic purpose of a roof is to protect the inside of a building from exposure to the elements. Roofing Types • Type I roofs are best and are listed by FM, UL, and meet NFPA 256 • Type II roofs are more hazardous

  18. VS 10-10 FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION Parapet Parapet Sheathing Bar Joist Felt Slag or Gravel Metal Deck Flat (Hung) Ceiling False (Hung) Ceiling

  19. Metal Decking • Commercially manufactured, structural grade, cold rolled metal panel formed into a series of parallel ribs. • Includes metal floor and roof decks, standing seam metal roofs, other metal roof systems and other products. • An initial attachment that is used to secure an initially placed sheet of decking is commonly tack welding or pneumatic fasteners

  20. 2. Major Types of Building Construction Type I (Fire Resistive) Best Type II (Non-Combustible) Type III (Exterior Projected-Combustible) Type IV (Heavy Timber) Type V (Wood Frame) Poorest

  21. 2. Major Types of Building Construction 2.1 Type I contains structural members that are non-combustible and have a fire resistance rating Two subclasses: Type 442 Type 332

  22. VS 3-1 TYPE I CONSTRUCTION Double-T Precast Concrete Slabs Supported on Precast Columns and L-Shaped Girders

  23. 2. Major Types of Building Construction 2.2 Type II is a construction type in which the structural elements are entirely of non-combustible or limited combustible materials. Three Sub classes: Type 222 Type 111 Type 000

  24. VS 3-2 TYPE II CONSTRUCTION Fire-Resistance Rating on All Parts of Structure; Often Have Flat, Built-Up Roofs

  25. 2. Major Types of Building Construction 2.3 Type III is a construction type where the exterior walls are non-combustible with a minimum 2 hr fire resistance however the interior is constructed of combustible materials. Two Sub classes: Type 211 Type 200

  26. VS 3-3 TYPE III CONSTRUCTION Exterior Walls and Structural Members Constructed of Noncombustible or Limited Combustible Materials; Interior Structural Members Completely or Partially Constructed of Wood

  27. 2. Major Types of Building Construction 2.4. Type IV is a construction type in which structural members are basically of unprotected wood with large cross sectional areas.

  28. VS 3-4 TYPE IV CONSTRUCTION Exterior and Interior Walls and Structural Members Made of Noncombustible or Limited Combustible Materials; Other Interior Structural Members Made of Solid or Laminated “Heavy Timber” Wood

  29. 2. Major Types of Building Construction 2.5. Type V is a construction type where exterior walls are principally or entirely made of wood or other combustible material. Two Sub classes: Type 111 Type 000

  30. VS 3-5 TYPE V CONSTRUCTION Balloon Wood-Frame Platform Wood-Frame Joists Joist Rafter Subflooring Rafter Plate Fire Stop Stud Single Plate Double Plate Stud Joist Girder Girder Ribbon Ledger Ledger Joist Sill Sill Subflooring Foundation Wall Sheathing Sheathing

  31. 2. Major Types of Building Construction What Type of Building Construction?

  32. 2. Major Types of Building Construction What Type of Building Construction?

  33. 3. Building Codes 3.1. Definitions 3.1.1. A building code is a law that sets forth minimum requirements for design and construction of buildings and structures. 3.1.2. A fire code is a law that relates to specific fire hazards in a building and is usually regulated by the fire official.

  34. 3. Building Codes 3.2. Major Provisions of Building Codes 3.2.1. Building and Occupancy Permits 3.2.2. Construction Features Typically Covered 3.2.3. Two General Types of Building Codes

  35. 3. Building Codes 3.3 "Model Building Codes" 3.3.1. Prior to 2000 there were three model building codes used in the United States • BOCA- Building Officials & Code Administration • Uniform Building Code • Southern Standard Building Code

  36. 3. Building Codes 3.3 "Model Building Codes" 3.3.2. International Code Council (1994) • primary purpose being of combining the codes of the three model building code organizations into single national models. • International Building Code (2000)

  37. 4. Other Considerations in Building Construction 4.1. Interior Finish 4.1.1. Fire Problems Associated with Interior Finish 4.1.2. Flame Spread • Class A 0-25 • Class B 26-75 • Class C 76-200

  38. 4. Other Considerations in Building Construction 4.1. Interior Finish 4.1.3. Contribute to the Fuel 4.1.4. Smoke Contribution Dorm room fire! 4.2. Other Factors that Affect the Fire Hazard of Finish Materials

  39. 4. Other Considerations in Building Construction 4.3. Hazard of Contents 4.3.1. NFPA Hazard Content Classifications • Low Hazard - no self propagating fire can occur • Ordinary Hazard - can burn with moderate rapidity or can give off considerable smoke • High Hazard - burn with extreme rapidity or explosions are likely

  40. VS 3-10 COMBUSTIBLE FURNISHINGS/FINISHES Toxic gages produced by burning furnishings and finishes are major factors in the loss of many lives in fires.

  41. 5. Structural Features to Slow the Spread of Fire 5.1. Fire Walls 5.2. Fire Doors The NFPA classifies fire doors based on their Fire Resistance Rating • Ranges from 4 hours to 20 minutes and is based primarily on building occupancy and construction.

  42. 5. Structural Features to Slow the Spread of Fire 5.3. Fire Stops 5.4. Baffles

  43. 5. Structural Features to Slow the Spread of Fire 5.5. Fire Dampers 5.6. Parapets

  44. 6. Processes Involving Flammable Gases 6.1. Properties of Gases in General • Gases are pressurize to maximize the amount in a given space & to assist in the flow of the gas • Gases are also liquefied to maximize the amount in a given space • Cryogenics are gases that are both pressurized and supercold to condense

  45. 6. Processes Involving Flammable Gases 6.2. General Hazard Controls for all Gases • Proper storage vessel design (API) & (ASME) • Proper tank venting • Proper burner design • Emergency procedures for leaks • Leak testing & gas detection • Inerting & venting • Control of Ignition Sources

  46. 6. Processes Involving Flammable Gases 6.3. Gas burning appliances 6.4. General safeguards in gas appliances: 6.4.1. Fuel Safety Shutoff Valve 6.4.2. Combustion Safeguard

  47. 6. Processes Involving Flammable Gases 6.4. General safeguards in gas appliances (continued): 6.4.3. Factory Mutual Cock Safety-Control System 6.4.4. Insure that the system design incorporates all necessary safety features and once installed these are tested 6.4.5. Establish and stick to Preventive Maintenance Schedules 6.4.6. Operators must also be well trained

  48. 6. Processes Involving Flammable Gases 6.5. Methods of detecting gas leaks 6.5.1. Slow leaks 6.5.2. Larger leaks

  49. 7. Process and Storage of Combustible Solids 7.1. Examples of Combustible Solids 7.1.1. Ordinary Combustibles • Primarily made up of carbon/hydrogen/oxygen • Includes cellulose & some fibrous materials • Factors that influence the fire hazards of ordinary combustibles

  50. 7. Process and Storage of Combustible Solids 7.1.2. Rubbers/Plastics/Resins • Fire Hazards: • Classification of Plastics by Fire Hazard • Group I ·  • Group II • Group III

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