The North (Chp. 12)

1. The North (Chp. 12) • Industrial Revolution- period of rapid growth beginning in the mid 1700’s that used machines for manufacturing and production. • Textile Industry- water frame produces dozens of cotton threads at the same time, and was powered by water. • Merchants built textile mills near rivers and streams.

2. The North • Eli Whitney- came up with the idea of interchangeable parts (parts of the machine that are identical). These parts were easier to assemble and fix. • Mass Production- efficient production of large numbers of identical goods (used to manufacture firearms). • War of 1812 led to the expansion of factories.

3. Working Life • Rhode Island System- Samuel Slater’s strategy of hiring families and dividing work into simple tasks. • Lowell System- Water powered textile mills employed young unmarried women from local farms. This included a loon that could spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill. • Both systems included housing for workers.

4. Working Life • Low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions led to trade unions. • Trade Unions- groups that tried to improve pay and working conditions. • Strikes- refusing to work until employer meets demands.

5. Transportation Revolution • Period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel. • Steamboats- river travel • Railroad- overland travel • Coal replaces wood as main source of power.

6. Technological Advances • Telegraph- device to send information over wires across great distances. • Steam power in factories. • Steel Plow in farm equipment- John Deere.

7. The South (Chp. 13) • Demand for cotton increases by the 1790’s. • Cotton Gin- machine that removes seeds from cotton. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. • Planters- large scale farmers who held more than 20 slaves. • Cotton Belt- Area of high cotton production throughout the South. Caused southerners to abandon other crops because it was so profitable.

8. Other Crops and Industries • Did not want to become too reliant on cotton. • Corn • Tobacco • Hemp and Flax- for rope and sack cloth • Cotton Mills • Saw Mills • Tredegar Iron Works (Richmond, VA) One of the most productive iron works in the nation.

9. Slave System • Working in the field sunup-sundown. • Working in planters homes- butlers, cooks, nurses. (Better food, shelter, and clothing than field workers, but longer hours. • Skilled Jobs: blacksmithing or carpentry- Able to sell their services. Some earned enough $ to buy their freedom. • Poor living conditions, dirt-floor cabins, cheap clothing.

10. Punishment and Slave Codes • Would punish one slave in front of others as a warning. • Slave Codes- strict laws that slaves had to follow. • No Education (laws fined and whipped anyone caught teaching enslaved people to read or write). • Not allowed to travel far from homes.

11. Slave Culture • Family the most important aspect of slave community. Slaves feared separation more than punishment. • Told folktales to teach lessons about how to survive under slavery. • Spirituals- emotional Christian songs that blended African and European music to express religious beliefs.

12. Uprisings and Rebellion • Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)- Turner led a group of slaves in a plan to kill all of the slaveholders and their families in the county. They killed about 60 white people, but more than 100 innocent slaves were killed in an effort to stop the rebellion.

13. New Movements in America (Chp. 14) • Mid 1800’s- Millions of immigrants arrive from Europe. • Nativists- American’s who opposed immigration. • Rapid growth of cities • Tenements- poorly designed apartments that held large numbers of people.

14. American Arts Movement • Transcendentalism- people could rise above material things. • Romanticism- interest in nature emphasized individual expression. • Second Great Awakening- Christian renewal movement in the 1790’s- early 1800’s. • Common School Movement-wanted all children taught in a common place regardless of background. African-Americans segregated.

15. Movement to end Slavery • Abolition- complete end to slavery. • American Anti-Slavery Society- wanted immediate emancipation & racial equality for African-Americans. • Frederick Douglass- escaped from slavery, & was an important leader of the movement. • Underground Railroad- people who arranged transportation & hiding places for fugitives & escaped slaves. • Southerners saw slavery as vital to southern economy.

16. Women’s Rights • Seneca Falls Convention- July 19, 1848 in Seneca Falls, N.Y.- 1st public meeting about women’s rights that was held in the U.S. • Declaration of Sentiments- document that detailed beliefs about social injustice toward women.

17. Women’s Rights Leaders • Lucy Stone- spokesperson for Anti-Slavery Society and women’s rights. • Susan B. Anthony- turned women’s rights movement into a political movement. Argued that women should receive equal pay, and be able to enter traditionally male professions. Led campaign to change property rights laws for women. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton- wrote many speeches for the movement.

18. A Divided Nation (Chp. 15) • Popular Sovereignty- political power belongs to the people. They should decide slavery issue. • Wilmot Proviso- document stating that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in any part of the territory.” • Passed in the House, but not in the Senate.

19. A Divided Nation • Sectionalism- favoring interests of one region over the interests of the country. • Free-Soil Party- anti-slavery northerners that supported the Wilmot Proviso. • Compromise of 1850- California enters union as a free state, and the rest of the Mexican Cession is divided into 2 territories (Utah & New Mexico), where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty.

20. A Nation Divided • Fugitive Slave Act- made it a crime to help runaway slaves, and allowed officials to arrest those slaves in free areas. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin- anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. This novel outraged people in the South.

21. Trouble in Kansas • Kansas-Nebraska Act- plan that would divide the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory into 2 territories- Kansas and Nebraska, and allow each territory to decide the issue of slavery. • Kansas was divided- voters from Missouri crossed the border, voted in Kansas, then returned home.

22. Trouble in Kansas • Legislature was pro-slavery. • Anti-slavery supporters formed their own Legislature, and fighting followed. • Pottawatomie Massacre- John Brown and his men killed 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas along the Pottawatomie Creek.

23. Political Divisions • Republican Party- political party united against the spread of slavery in the West. • Dred Scott Decision- Dred Scott moved with his slaveholder to free states. He sued for his freedom after returning to the South, and his owner had died. He lost the Supreme Court ruling. • Lincoln-Douglas Debates- Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas over slavery issue.

24. A Nation Divides • John Brown’s Raid- he and his men took over the arsenal in Harper’s Ferry Virginia in hopes of starting a slave rebellion. Enslaved African-American’s did not respond out of fear, and the raid was unsuccessful. • Election of 1860- Lincoln victory angered Southerners and signaled the South losing it’s national political power.

25. A Nation Divides • Lincoln said he would not change slavery in the South, but he would not expand it, and eventually it would die out. • Secession- Formally withdrawing from the Union.

26. Confederate States of America • South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union. Also called the Confederacy. • Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was president of the Confederacy.