Old Testament

1. Old Testament divine revelation divine revelation, bulk of scriptures, in Novus Ordo Mass Psalms central component of liturgy both daily and festivals “7 times a day” (Ps 119:164) Content of Divine Liturgy 7 times a day (matins/lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers, compline), incorporated into both old and new Mass Events and Personages in Old Testament true events history of Jewish people showing God “at work” + Christological import Messianic prophecies in Old Testament to be fulfilled “Messiah ben Joseph” “Messiah ben David” 1st Coming (Suffering Servant) prophecies fulfilled with Jesus 2nd Coming prophecies to come

2. OT Personages Queen Mother Interceding Queens – Esther, Bathsheba, etc. “Gebirah” – 2nd most important in kingdom (1 Kings 2:12-19) Blessed Virgin Mary Royal Steward Isa 22:15-25 Bears key of David, “he shall open, and none shall shut;and he shall shut and none shall open” v.22 Peter and the papacy: “whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven” etc. Mt 16:18 Joseph emblem of purity betrayed by brothers sold into slavery for 20 pieces of silver forgave and saved his people fed the “whole world” with bread figure of Jesus “son of Joseph” betrayed, sold, forgave, saved, and fed all mankind and echoes Joseph

3. Festivals: Passover Central event of “liberation” foreshadowed Mass, central event in salvation Manna food from heaven for journey through desert foreshadowed Eucharist, food from heaven for journey through desert Pascal lamb sacrificed for remission of sins Eating the lamb necessary to be part of the body of Jewish people fulfilled in Passion and Death on Passover Eating “his flesh” necessary to be part of the body of Christ: “he who eats this bread will live for ever.” (Jn 6:58) Passover Meal enabled Jews to participate in original liberation fulfilled in Mass, enables Christians to participate Crossing Red Sea freedom from Pharoah fulfilled in baptism, freedom from satan Blood on doorposts so angel of death would skip house fulfilled with blood on the cross

4. Note on Calendar Lunar Calendar Year is synchronized with sun’s cycle Every month starts on new moon 12 new moons less than 365 days Passover is 1st full moon after Spring equinox Solar Calendar  No pattern with month starting/uneven months  Easter is 1st Sunday after 1st full moon after Spring equinox (March 21 in Gregorian calendar used in West) “Shavout” 50th day after Passover anniversary of giving of the law to Moses on Mt. Sinai Pentecost anniversary of sending of the Holy Spirit to write the law on hearts Sabbath on Saturday --celebrates God resting from creation on Sunday – celebrates God’s rest and Jesus’ resurrection

5. Days of Repentance 40 days – month of Elul preceding Rosh Hashanah (the New Year) plus the 10 days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Corresponds to the 40 days Moses spent on Mt Sinai atoning for the Golden Calf (then got replacement tablets) Cast away sins in tashlich service 40 days of Lent (like Jesus in the desert after baptism)

6. Hanukkah 25th day of Kislev/ mid-December 25th of December Commemorates re-sanctification of the Temple Re-sanctification of mankind Festival of Light – rekindling of Menorah Light of the World came into the world Reestablishment of Temple restored man’s union with God Incarnation/hypostatic union established man’s union with God Eight days of Hanukkah 12 days of Christmas

7. Baptism “tevilah” required for ritual purification -- eve of Yom Kippur -- women regularly on conversion -- restores purity after defilement John the Baptist’s baptism understood by Jews of the day baptism remits original sin Holy Water sacramental effect – remits venial sin, exorcism effect

8. Sacramental Priesthood Great gift given by God to Aaron’s line Required for sacrifice Set apart Celibacy required [limited] Precious vestments Consecration of High Priest with aromatic oil (Ex.30:23) Only High Priest in Holy of Holies Supported by community Priests (Cohenim) and Assistants (Levites) Full Celibacy Annointing with Chrism Until recently only ones to touch Blessed Sacrament Priests and Deacons Priestly Vestments Specific, meaningful Linen Breeches (Ex. 28:42) Tunic Girdle Turban High Priest: Robe Ephod (apron) Breastplate Crown Alb Stole Amice (around shoulders) Cincture Chausible (outermost) Maniple Mitre

9. Symbolism in Mass – Conversion of Jews in end times Subdeacon = Israel, deacon = Church, Priest = Christ   during consecration subdeacon holds the paten with the humeral veil in front of his eyes, and kneels below the altar while the deacon stands on the right hand of the priest. symbolism is that Israel is blinded during the incarnation and passion of Christ (consecration); whereas the Gentiles rush into the kingdom (at the right hand of priest/Christ). However, at the end of the Mass the the subdeacon and deacon kneel next to each other on the same level of step (for the first time in the Mass). This signifies their equality with one another. Lastly, the subdeacon (Israel) holds the Missal while the priest (Christ) proclaims the Last Gospel This signifies that Israel shall return and hold up the Gospel of Christ in the very end. Israel for the greater part rejects Christ until finally being incorporated into Christ and also Israel has a symbolic function in the last days with regard to the Gospel.

11. Saints / Intercessory Prayer “tzaddikim” – “righteous ones” -- teachers, leaders, go up to Heaven, speak with God, read souls, know future, direct souls, intercede intercessory prayer throughout the OT: Sodom “for the sake of ten righteous I will not destroy it” Abraham interceding for Sodom (Gen 18:16+) Moses interceding for Israel after Golden Calf (Ex 32) Moses holding arms up for battle (Ex. 17:10+) Praying to Rabbi Nachman in Ushpizin to intercede Praying at the tombs of the great rabbis of the past two thousand years: Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai (credited with the Zohar in the 2nd century A.D.), Rabbi Yonatan ben Uziel (who dying young and unmarried in the first century, promised that whoever would pray on his tomb for a match would marry within the year), Rabbi Akiva (killed in the Bar Kochba rebellion of 132 A.D.), the great medieval Jewish scholar and rabbi Maimonides (d. 1205 A.D.) Relics: Elisha’s bones bringing dead back to life (2 Kings 13:14,20-21)