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Chapter 6 Section 2 Pg. 165-169

Chapter 6 Section 2 Pg. 165-169. Covalent Bonds. Energy is _______ in the chemical bonds of sugar Elements in ____: Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen All are nonmetals; transfer of electrons does ____ tend to occur between nonmetal atoms So how are nonmetals able to form bonds?.

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Chapter 6 Section 2 Pg. 165-169

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  1. Chapter 6 Section 2 Pg. 165-169

  2. Covalent Bonds • Energy is _______ in the chemical bonds of sugar • Elements in ____: Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen • All are nonmetals; transfer of electrons does ____ tend to occur between nonmetal atoms • So how are nonmetals able to form bonds?

  3. Covalent Bonds • You and a friend need a total of 10 dollars to buy some food. You have $6 and your friend has $4. Together you have $10, so in order to buy the food you may put your money together and share the food. • When _______ join together, they display a similar ______ strategy

  4. Covalent Bonds • Sharing Electrons • H atom has 1 electron, but if it had 2, it would have the _____ electron configuration as He (therefore it would be ______) • 2 H atoms can achieve a stable electron configuration by ______ their electrons and forming a _______ bond • Covalent Bond- a chemical bond in which 2 atoms share a pair of valence electrons • When 2 atoms share one pair of electrons, the bond is called a _____ ____

  5. Covalent Bonds

  6. Covalent Bonds • Molecules of Elements • Molecule- a neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more _______ bonds • The attractions between the ____ electrons and the protons in each nucleus hold the atoms together in a covalent bond • Chemical ______ can be used: H molecule= H2 • Many nonmetal elements exist as _____ molecules • Diatomic means “two atoms” • 2 halogen atoms _____ a valence electron from each atom, both atoms have 8 valence electrons

  7. Covalent Bonds • Multiple Covalent Bonds • N has 5 v.e. • if they shared a ____ of electrons, each one would have only 6 v.e. • if they shared 2 pairs of electrons, each ____ would have only 7 v.e. • Share 3 pairs of electrons, each atom has 8 v.e. • Each ___ of shared electrons is represented by a long dash in the ________ formula

  8. Covalent Bond • Multiple Covalent Bond • ______ bond- when 2 atoms share 3 pairs of electrons • _______ bond- when 2 atoms share 2 pairs of electrons • ______ bond- when 2 atoms share 1 pair of electrons

  9. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • In general, elements on the ____ of the periodic table have a greater attraction for electrons than elements on the ____ have (except for noble gases) • In general, elements at the ___ of a group have a greater attraction for electrons than elements at the bottom of a group have • Fluorine (far right, top of group): has _______ attraction for electrons and is the most reactive nonmetal

  10. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • Polar Covalent Bonds • Electrons may _____ be shared equally • Polar covalent bond: a covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally (polar- “opposite in character, ______, or direction” • When atoms form a polar covalent bond, the atom with the greater attraction for electrons has a partial negative charge. The other atom has a partial ______ charge (δ- and δ+ are used to show which atom has which charge)

  11. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • Polar Covalent Bond • In a hydrogen chloride molecule, the shared electrons spend ____ time near the chlorine atom than near the ________ atom

  12. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • Polar and Nonpolar Molecules • The type of atoms in a _____ and its shape are factors that determine whether a molecule is _____ or nonpolar

  13. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • Polar and Nonpolar Molecules • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • ______ bonds between each oxygen atom and the central carbon atom • O has a ______ attraction for electrons than carbon does, each double bond is polar • Molecule is linear: all 3 atoms are _____ up in a row • The carbon-oxygen bonds are directly opposite each other; there is an equal pull on the electrons from opposite directions; the pulls cancel out and the molecule as a whole is nonpolar

  14. Unequal Sharing of Electrons • Polar and Nonpolar Molecules • Water molecules (H2O) • 2 _____ bonds in a water molecule • The bonds are polar because O has a ______ attraction for electrons than hydrogen does • The water molecules has a ____ shape rather than a linear shape, the polar bonds do not cancel out • 2 H atoms are located on the same side of the molecule, _______ the O atom • O partial negative charge • H partial _______ charge

  15. Attraction Between Molecules • Attractions between ____ molecules are stronger than attractions between ________ molecules

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