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Manufacturing

Manufacturing. Unit 5, Lesson 2 Explanation Presentation 5.2.1. The Unit Big Idea. The designed world is the product of a design process, which provides ways to turn resources - materials, tools and machines, people, information, energy, capital, and time - into products and services.

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Manufacturing

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  1. Manufacturing Unit 5, Lesson 2 Explanation Presentation 5.2.1 © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  2. The Unit Big Idea The designed world is the product of a design process, which provides ways to turn resources - materials, tools and machines, people, information, energy, capital, and time - into products and services. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  3. The Lesson Big Idea Manufacturing technologies produce quality goods at low prices, and apply the properties of materials to ensure the desired function of a product. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  4. Material Properties • The physical properties of the material are a basic reason for selecting the material • The performance of a product requires various behaviors and types of properties. • Example, a material could have particularly desirable electrical conductivity properties and perform poorly in maximum strength. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  5. Material Properties • Often a compromise/trade-off among the needed properties must be made • To be consistent with the processing selected • And the structural state desired or possible. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  6. Categories of Materials • Materials can be categorized as the following: • Metals • Ceramics • Plastics • Semiconductors • Composites © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  7. Metals • Materials that are normally combinations of metallic elements. • Elements, when combined, have electrons that are non-localized, • As a consequence, have generic types of properties. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  8. Metals • Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. • Quite strong, but malleable • Lustrous look when polished. • Examples: copper, aluminum, titanium © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  9. Ceramics • Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements • Include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. • They are insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. • Examples: clay, tungsten carbide, alumina, glass © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  10. Plastics & Polymers • Organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. • Very large molecular structures. • Low density, not stable at high temperatures. • Two types: • Thermoset(can be melted and shaped once) • Thermoplastic (can be melted and reshaped) • Examples: nylon, polystyrene, rubber © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  11. Semiconductors • Electrical properties intermediate between metallic conductors and ceramic insulators. • Electrical properties are strongly dependent upon small amounts of impurities. • Examples: silicon, • germanium © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  12. Composites • Composites consist of more than one distinct material type. • Examples: Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, concrete, plywood © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  13. Reflection • Think about where you are sitting. What types of materials are surrounding you? • Is your computer, laptop, or cell phone made of more than one type of material? © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  14. Properties of Materials • Properties of Materials can be categorized: • Mechanical • Electrical • Magnetic • Optical and Dielectric • Thermal © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  15. Mechanical Properties • Tensile strength: measuring of resistance to being pulled apart • Fracture toughness: the ability of a material containing a crack to resist fracture • Fatigue strength: ability of material to resist various kinds of rapidly changing stresses • Creep strength: ability of a metal to withstand a constant weight or force at elevated temperatures • Hardness: property of a material to resist permanent indentation © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  16. Electrical Properties • Conductivity: measure of how well a material accommodates the movement of an electric charge • Resistivity: opposition of a material to the flow of electrical current © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  17. Magnetic Properties • Magnetic susceptibility : ratio of magnetization (M) to magnetic field (H) • Curie temperature : temperature at which a material will lose magnetism • Saturation magnetization: state reached when an increase in applied external magnetizing field H cannot increase the magnetization of the material further © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  18. Thermal Properties • Coefficient of thermal expansion: how much a material will expand for each degree of temperature increase • Heat capacity: amount of heat required to change a material’s temperature by a given amount • Thermal conductivity: indicates a material’s ability to conduct heat © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  19. Manufacturing • How do we apply the properties of materials? • Engineers use the material properties to select appropriate materials for product production. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  20. Manufacturing Processes • Primary processes • Turn raw materials into standard stock (timber cut into boards) • Secondary processes • Turn standard stock into finish products (boards • turned into furniture) © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  21. Manufacturing Types • Final manufactured Products can be one of three types: • Custom • Batch • Continuous © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  22. Custom Manufacturing • One of kind item made by a specialist • Product examples: yacht, clothing, purse © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  23. Batch Manufacturing • Products are made in batches. • The components of a product are completed at a workstation before they move to the next one. • Product Examples: • bakery items, paints, • special edition shoes © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  24. Continuous Manufacturing • Products are made with no interruption to the production line from the input to output. • Product examples: cars, food products, bricks © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  25. Interchangeable Parts • The invention of interchangeable parts in the 1700s innovated manufacturing. • Interchangeable parts are parts that are identical, meaning to replace the part, you do not have to make a custom piece. There is already one the same size. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

  26. Interchangeable Parts • The interchangeability of parts increased the effectiveness of all manufacturing processes. • An example would be a windshield wiper blade that can be used on multiple vehicle models. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

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