Chapter 5 Global Temperatures

1. Chapter 5Global Temperatures

3. Global Temperatures • Temperature Concepts and Measurement   • Principal Temperature Controls   • Earth’s Temperature Patterns  • Air Temperature and the Human Body 

4. Temperature Scales • Temperature Scales  • freezing broiling • Fahrenheit 32°F 212°F • Celsius 0°C 100°C • Kelvin  273°K 373°K Figure 5.1

5. Thermometer and Instrument Shelter Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3

6. Principal Temperature Controls   1. Latitude  (affects insolation) 2. Altitude  (high altitude has greater daily range; high altitude has lower annual average) 3. Closeness to the large water body (daily and annual temperature range) 4. Ocean currents (affect temperature) 5. Cloud Cover (affect albedo)

7. Latitude and Temperature Figure 5.4

8. Altitude Figure 5.5

9. Land–Water Heating Differences   Figure 5.7

10. Land–Water Heating Differences  • Evaporation • Transparency • Specific heat: the amount of heat required to increase 1 gram of substance by 1°C. (water has the highest specific heat than anything else on the earth). • Movement • Ocean currents and sea-surface temperatures • Marine vs. continental effects

11. Marine and Continental Climates:Vancouvervs.Winnipeg Figure 5.12

12. Marine and Continental Climates: San Francisco vs. Wichita Figure 5.13

13. Marine and Continental Climates:Trondheimvs.Verkhoyansk Figure 5.16

14. Earth’s Temperature Patterns • January Temperature Map   • July Temperature Map   • Annual Temperature Range Map • Continentality : larger annual temperature range, higher continentallity

15. January Temperatures Figure 5.14

16. (b) (a) (c) January Temperatures • Isotherms: lines of equal air temperature • Isotherm pattern in Northern Hemisphere: • Isotherms bend southward when crossing into land area (land is colder than ocean at the same latitude). • Large temperature gradient • Temperature gradient: the air temperature change over a horizontal distance. • 3. Air temperature over west coast is warmer than east coast (ocean versus land influence by prevailing wind) • 4. Coldest air temperature is over the subarctic land Figure 5.14

17. July Temperatures Figure 5.17

18. (b) (a) (c) July Temperatures • Northern Hemisphere isotherm pattern: • Isotherms bend towards north when across the land areas (land is hotter than oceans) • Small temperature gradient • West coast has lower air temperature than east coast (cold ocean current versus warm current) • Highest air temperature occurs over subtropical land areas Figure 5.17

19. Global Temperature Ranges: difference between the highest and lowest monthly temperature The largest occurs over subarctic land areas Figure 5.19

20. Air Temperature and the Human Body • Wind chill • Correlates cold and wind speed • Heat index • Correlates heat and humidity

21. Wind Chill Table Higher wind speed increases chilling effect in winter Figure FS 5.1.1

22. Heat Index Table Higher humidity increases discomfort in summer Figure FS 5.1.2