Measuring temperatures

1. Measuring temperatures • Actually measuring sensible heat transfer • Can be measured as Kelvins, degrees Celsius, or degrees Fahrenheit

2. Fahrenheit • Developed in the early 1800’s by Daniel G. Fahrenheit • Coldest temperature measured was set to O°F • Approximate temperature of the human body was 100°F • Melting point of ice became 32°F • Boiling point of water became 212°f

3. Celsius • Also developed in the early 1700’s this time by Anders Celsius • Placed the freezing point of water at 0°C • Placed the boiling point of water at 100°C

4. FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS AND VICE VERSA • CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT • TAKE °C THEN MULTIPLY BY 1.8 AND ADD 32 • FAHRENHEIT TO CELSIUS • TAKE °F SUBTRACT 32 THEN DIVIDE BY 1.8

5. Temperature controls • Latitude • Altitude • Cloud cover • Land water heating differences (Continentality) • Localized Microscale – Environment • Prevailing Winds

6. Altitude • Because of the temperature decrease with the normal lapse rate, temperatures will drop as you go up in elevation • Mountainous areas are therefore typically cooler than low-lying areas • Temperature rangesare usually higher for mountainous zones

8. Cloud cover • Moderate temperatures • Reduce the amount of insolation reaching the Earth’s surface • Lowers daytime temperatures • KEEPS NIGHT TEMPERATURES MODERATE • Prevents longwave radiation from being lost to space

9. Land-water heating differences • Land heats and cools faster than water • The main reasons relate to • Evaporation • Transparency • Specific heat • Movement

11. Continentality • Index of Continentality A = difference °C in warmest and coldest months , Ф = location’s latitude

12. Sensible Heat flux Latent Heat flux

18. Extremes Extremes