China

1. China Tang and Song

2. How was China the focal point of Asia? What impact did China have upon the World?

3. Sui Dynasty • 589- Wendi • Unites northern and southern China • Buddhist • Lowered taxes • Granaries • Killed by son

4. Yangdi[son of Wendi] • Milder legal system • Promoted scholar-gentry in imperial administration by • Upgrading Confucian education • Scholar-gentry re-established • Restored examination system • Grand Canal completed—helps to feed people • 1 million build canal almost half die • Thousands die rebuilding Great Wall Widespread revolts due to war losses In 618 he was murdered by his own ministers

6. Tang Dynasty618-907 • Reconquers lands in north and west • Extends influence to Korea • Empress Wu • Only woman to hold title of emperor • Expanded roads and canals • Promoted foreign trade • Promoted agricultural improvements

7. Confucianism during the Tang Dynasty • What role did it play? • How were the Scholar-gentry involved with this? • Was it exclusive? • Was it monitored?

8. Civil Service examination revived Scholar-gentry Special status for office holders Jinshi = highest offices achieved by passing the more difficult exams on Chinese literature. Family connection still helpful.

9. The Examination System • What was its purpose? • Who administered the exams? • What were the exams based upon? • What does the phrase “examining the examined” have to do with the exams? • What was the role of families and birth?

10. Foundations of the scholar-gentry class: • wealth—primarily through land ownership • degree holding—passing exam

11. Religion • Strong social, economic, and political force • Early Tang continued to patronize Buddhism while promoting Confucian classics • State patronage of Confucian learning threatened old aristocratic families and Buddhist monastic orders • Mahayana or pure land • Refuge from war and turmoil • Chan or Zen • Appealed to educated • Meditation and appreciated for natural beauty

12. Empress Wu and Buddhism • Tries to elevate it to status of state religion • Commissions Buddhist paintings and sculptures

13. Anti-Buddhist Backlash • Attacked by Confucian and Daoist rivals • Scholar-administrators—they posed economic challenge to imperial order • because monastic land not taxed and therefore they lost revenue • Lost labor power because they could not conscript peasants who worked on monastic estates • Restrictions imposed on land and resources for monastic orders • Restrictions grew into persecution • Thousands of monasteries and shrines destroyed • Monks and nuns forced to return to civilian life • Survived but never regained political and economic influence

14. Buddhist-Confucian Conflict • Early Tang acceptance of Buddhism • Which leader strengthened it in China? • Monastery construction • Was this a threat? Yes! To who? Why? • Results • What was the “new” central ideology that emerged?

15. Fall of Tang or (Blame it on a Woman) • Poor leadership--Yang Guifei leads emperor astray

16. Fall of Tang • Heavy taxation burdens people but still not enough for military and building projects • 751 defeat at Battle of Talas River against Muslims • An Lushan led unsuccessful revolt 755 • Worsening economic conditions • Border attacks and rebellion • 907 capital sacked

17. Song Dynasty960-1279 • Paid tributes to northern enemies but failed to stop threat • Khitans from Manchuria • Their Liao dynasty recognized the Song’s cultural superiority (Sinified)

18. Confucian scholar-gentry gain power and status • Number of bureaucrats grew • High pay • Little to do Now in the Song era, the bureaucrats are finally more powerful than the aristocratic families and the Buddhists With the stress on Confucianism

19. Neo Confucianism • Stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action • Personal morality highest goal • Virtue could be attained through book learning and personal observation • Hostility to foreign philosophical systems • Less receptive to foreign influences and ideas • Stifles innovation and critical thinking as time passes • Emphasis on rank, tradition, obligation • Reinforced class, age, and gender distinctions • Patriarchal

20. Effects of Neo-Confucianism which endure today 1. simplified rituals and behaviours for each segment of society 2. strengthen patriarchy 3. spiritual needs acknowledged 4. reinforce hierarchies

21. Decline of Song • Challenges from nomadic peoples from north continued • Tribute for protection costly • Cost of army • Emphasis on civil administration and scholar-gentry • Funds diverted from military needs to scholarly and entertainment pursuits

22. Wang Anshi as Chief Minister • Reforms • Legalist basis • Cheap loans and government assisted irrigation projects to promote agricultural growth • Taxed landlord and scholarly class who had been exempted from military service • Used money to establish well trained army • Education emphasized critical thinking rather than rote memorization of classics • Lost support and reforms reversed • Neo-Confucians came to wield greater influence and ended Wang’s attempts at reform

23. Southern Song Jurchens overthrow Khitans and establish Jin Dynasty in 1127 • Overran Song territory to the Yangtze Valley Southern Song • Rapid economic growth • Merchants grew rich from trade • Culturally the most glorious era in Chinese history

24. Changes in China • Population doubled from Tang-Song • 100 million • 10 cities with 1 million • Agricultural Advances • new type of rice helped to feed growing population

25. Agrarian Production • Peasants encouraged to move to uncultivated areas • State regulated irrigation • Canals increased markets for crops • New types of rice to feed growing population • Manures • Wheelbarrow • Policies to redistribute land from large landholders to free peasants • Weakened powerful aristocracy

26. Commercial Organization and Imperial Supervision • Cities’ market quarters—local products, artisan production, overseas trade goods • Hours and marketing measures regulated • Guilds • “deposit shops”—first use of paper money (flying money) • credit Changan, Song capital

27. Silk Road Linked China with west for growing trade

28. Watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, oars, sails, compasses, bamboo fenders, gunpowder-propelled rockets for self-defense. Chinese junks Arab dhow

29. Hangzhou

30. Advancements Woodblock Printing Tang Dynasty 700’s

31. Moveable typeSung Dynasty 1040

32. Gunpowder 800’s Paper money 1020’s

33. Porcelain Late 700’s Mechanical clock 700’s

34. Magnetic compass1100’s

35. Poetry and Art • Tang poetry • Praised Confucian virtues and orderliness • Song art • Daoist influence • Use of black ink

36. Changes in Society • More mobile as more move to cities • Civil service=advancement • Old aristocratic family power declined • Scholar-gentry--officials rose in status • Education rather than land ownership gave status • Urban middle class • Merchants, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, minor officials • Urban lower class • Laborers, soldiers, servants • Peasants • Toiled for wealthy landowners

37. Women • Always seen as subservient to men • Decline more during Tang and Song • Especially upper class in cities • Women’s work less important to family’s prosperity and status • Foot binding • Peasant women affected less as they worked fields and helped produce food and income

40. The Mongols are Coming!! 1279—Kublai Khan conquers the Southern Song beginning Mongol rule of China known as the Yuan Dynasty