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Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases

Explore the main effects of drugs on diseases, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in living systems. Learn about pharmacognosy, pharmacogenetics, and drug administration routes. Understand absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) in pharmacokinetics. Discover the importance of therapeutic index and drug affinity.

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Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases

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  1. Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs on different diseases • Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on living system • Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living system • Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs • Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to drugs because of genetic variations

  2. Pharmacokinetic ADME:Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism, Excretion ADME will be changed by Pregnancy Therapeutic index = LETHAL DOSE / THERAPEUTIC DOSE TI of Digoxin,Warfarin and Lithium is very small So they are very Dangerous

  3. Pharmaceutic : Disintegration and Solubility Elixir > Suspension > Cap > Tab > Matrix tab > Enteric coated Pharmacokinetic Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism ,Excretion ADME Absorption from intestine > Skin Absorption from sublingual > subdermal Non ionized > Ionized Route of dug administration : Enteral : Gastrointestinal tract Parenteral : Subcutaneous, Intramuscular,Intravenous,Intrathecal Pulmonary Topical

  4. Distribution • Plasma protein : Albumin , sulfunamide • Binding : Warfain 99%,Cimetidine 20% • Competition : Aspirin and Warfarin ( Bleeding ) • Hypoproteinemia : Liver failure • Adipose tissue : Accumulation ( Thiopental ) • Bone : Tetracycline ( Browning of the teeth ) • Blood brain barrier : Anesthetics • Placental barrier : Anesthetics , Steroids • Bioavailabiliy : Intravenous dose / Administered dose

  5. Excretion: • Kidney : Ionized drugs > non ionized drugs • Alkalinization ( Phenobarbital ) Bicarbonate • Acidification ( Amphetamine ) Vitamin C • G.I.Tract : Morphine • Lungs : Anesthetics • Saliva : Dermatitis ( some intravenous drugs ) • Mammilary glands : pH= 6.5 Morphine

  6. Affinity: Drug binding to its receptor • Efficacy: Effects after drug binding • Potency : Capability of drugs in similar doses Lid4 Pril 1 • Physiologic Ant: two receptors Histamine,Salbutamol • Pharmacologic Ant: one receptor acetylcholine,Atropine • Chemical Ant : Without recepterFe,desferoxamine • Competetive Ant: Acetylcholine,Atropine • Non competetive Ant : Phanoxybenzamine • Partial agonists : Their efficacy is less than full agonist • Loading dose = Volume of distribtion×Total concenration • Therapeutic index= LD 50 / ED50 Digoxin

  7. Predictable adverse effects • Age : Infants and old patients , Chloramphenicol • Body mass : Infants ( per KG ) • Sex : Fat and water ratio ( male and female ) • Time of administration : With meal Aspirin • Idiosyncrasy: unusal responses to drugs • Tolerance : Disappearance of effect Morphine • Tachyphylaxis : Rapid tolerance Local anesthetics • Dependence : Physical,Psychological Morphine

  8. Tincture : Preserved from light , Belladona Syrup : Sweet, Hydroxyzine Elixir : Addition of some materials,Acetaminophen Suspension : Shaking before using,Furazolidone Lotion:With alchohol,Kalamine Ointment : Semisolid shape , Cream : With water , Pill,Dragee : Unfavorable pills Ovule : Vaginal , Clotrimazole Suppository : Indomethacin

  9. bid bis in dis • dc Discontinue • gtt gutta • KVO KeepVein 0pen • NS normal saline • OTC over-the-counter • Prn pro re nata • qd quaue die • qid quarter in qie

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