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Context

Dive into experimental results on hydrogen-air explosions using industrial-sized vessels in France. Safety management and explosion venting techniques are emphasized. Key phenomena such as flame instabilities and combustion are investigated, addressing the lack of experimental evidence in this field. The study aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, refining our understanding of these critical processes. Findings shed light on the interaction of internal and external explosions, contributing valuable insights for industrial applications.

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  1. Context • R&D activities in H2 technologies in France is driven by industrial research targeting real applications (DIMITHRY, H2E, HYPE, ...) • Safety management is the “red line” and especially aiming at shaping mitigation techniques (avoid atex, control fire and explosion effects) • Explosion venting need to be considered : • Widely used in industry, • Large body of experiments, • Theory, standards, guidelines, ...

  2. But, … • Vent dimensioning remains difficult : • Some key phenomena remain obscure : • The role of flame instabilities • Combustion of external cloud • Interaction internal/external explosion • ... • Severe lack of experimental : • ... evidence • ... data about vented hydrogen explosion • Purpose of this work : • Providing additional results about vented hydrogen-air explosions in vessels of industrial sizes

  3. Experimental devices • 1 m3 chamber : • Length : 1.85 m • Diameter : 0.94 m • Vent area : 0.15 m2 • 10 m3 chamber : • Length : 5.73 m • Diameter : 1.6 m • Vent area : 2 m2

  4. Instrumentation • 1 m3 chamber : • Injection device : 1 bottle of 5 l (filled with H2) • Pressure : 5 piezoresistive gauges • Inside : 2 gauges – (0-10 bar ± 0.01 bar) • Outside : 3 gauges – (0-2 bar ± 0.002 bar) installed in lenses supports at 1, 3 and 5 m • Ignition : pyrotechnical match (60 J) opposite to vent • Propagation of the flame : 6 ionisation gauges

  5. Instrumentation • 10 m3 chamber : • Injection device : 4 bottles of 8 l (filled with H2) • Pressure : 2 piezoresistive gauges (0-10 bar ± 0.01 bar) • Ignition : pyrotechnical match (60 J) opposite to vent • Propagation of the flame : • 4 ionisation gauges • 4 optical sensors

  6. Main results – 1 m3 chamber Classical shape with a single dome • 20% H2 in air End of combustion in the vessel Test 1.0-05 (20%H2) Overpressure keeps on rising when the combustion is ended in the chamber External explosion : strong pressure burst and propagation at the speed of sound Acoustic effect : Fresh gases replaced by burnt gases – local effect Acoustic effect : External atmosphere accelerated by the emerging flow of fresh gases

  7. External explosion : Pressure rises sharply before the end of combustion in the tank Main results – 10 m3 chamber • 23% H2 in air End of combustion in the vessel First pressure bulge : Combustion in the chamber Test 10.5-16 (23%H2) Natural vibration of metallic envelope Pressure decrease First acoustic mode of the chamber

  8. Conclusion • Typical industrial question : How do the data compare to the standards ? • Absolute necessity to refine our knowledge of the phenomenology and to produce much more data NEXT STORY NFPA 68 Pasman et al 1 m3 Bauwens et al 64 m3 Kumar et al 6.85 m3 Present 10 m3 Present 1 m3

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