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affiliation

Explore the intricate levels of explanation behind affiliation, from genetic and physiological factors to cognitive processes and the impact of social comparison theory, supported by systematic scientific data collection methods and research approaches. Discover how individual differences, like birth order, influence affiliation behaviors and social comparisons.

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affiliation

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Presentation Transcript

  1. affiliation wanting to be with others

  2. levels of explanation • genetic • physiological • learning • cognitive • social

  3. genetic • wired-in affiliation • caused by other genetic factors

  4. physiological • dependent when born • need everything • late adulthood

  5. learning • reinforced by others • food, warmth, comfort, attention, games • punished when alone • hungry, cold, uncomfortable

  6. cognitive • expect rewards when with others • understand their roles

  7. social comparison theory • leon festinger • evaluate by comparison • learn by comparison • compare to similar others • compare when uncertain

  8. predictions • fear and uncertainty • make afraid and uncertain • increase affiliation

  9. experiment • more afraid or less afraid • expect electric shock • mild or painful • wait alone or with others

  10. results • more afraid more affiliation

  11. affiliate with whom? • theory says similar others • comparing with them more helpful • too different tells you little

  12. similar others • others waiting for study • others waiting for another study • wait alone or together • when afraid, prefer together • but only with similar others

  13. individual differences • birth order • first borns more external • psychotherapy - not alcohol • not fighter pilots

  14. first borns and affiliation • when afraid, first borns rely more on social comparison • compare first and later borns • effects mainly for first borns

  15. WHAT MAKES IT SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMATIC COLLECTION OF DATA

  16. DESCRIBE METHOD IN DETAIL • DATA IS RECORDED CAREFULLY

  17. UNSYSTEMATIC? • UNREPRESENTATIVE • BIASED NOTICING OR MEMORY • BIASED PERCEPTION • CANNOT BE REPEATED EXACTLY

  18. SYSTEMATIC • REMOVES BIASES • CAN BE EVALUATED • CAN BE REPEATED

  19. METHODS OF RESEARCH

  20. WAYS OF COLLECTING DATA • OBSERVATION • ASKING • BEHAVIOR • ARCHIVE

  21. TYPES OF RESEARCH • OBSERVATIONAL - DESCRIPTIVE • CORRELATIONAL • EXPERIMENTAL

  22. OBSERVATIONAL • ANIMAL BEHAVIOR • MAINLY DESCRIBE • RATES AND TYPES OF BEHAVIOR • NOT CAUSATION

  23. CORRELATIONAL • WHAT GOES WITH WHAT? • A GOES WITH B

  24. POSITIVE CORRELATION

  25. NEGATIVE CORRELATION

  26. NO CORRELATION

  27. TV VIOLENCE AGGRESSION • AGGRESSION TV VIOLENCE • TV VIOLENCE • FACTOR C • AGGRESSION

  28. FACTOR C???? • AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY • LATCHKEY KIDS, SINGLE PARENTS • AGGRESSIVE PARENTS • ????

  29. EXPERIMENTS • TWO OR MORE CONDITIONS • PREFERABLY QUITE SIMILAR • INDEPENDENT VARIABLE(S) • DEPENDENT VARIABLE (S) • RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

  30. WHY SO GREAT? CAUSALITY

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