Fossils and Rock Layers

1. Fossils and Rock Layers

3. How are Fossils preserved? • When an animal dies, the remains are covered by sediment. This sediment hardens and forms rock layers over time. • What process moves the rocks and sediment?

4. How are Fossils preserved? • When an animal dies, the remains are covered by sediment. This sediment hardens and forms rock layers over time. • What process moves the rocks and sediment? EROSION

5. Types of Rocks • Igneous Rock (formed when magma cools) • Metamorphic Rock (other rock types transformed by heat and pressure) • Sedimentary Rock (rock formed from minerals deposited near bodies of water; forms rock layers) Fossils form in Sedimentary Rocks!

6. Why Study Fossils? • Scientists study fossils to learn what past life forms were like. • Paleontologists classify organisms in the order in which they lived. • All the information scientists have gathered is called the fossil record.

7. PETRIFIED FOSSILThe Field Museum in Chicago displays a fossil of aTyrannosaurus rex. PETRIFIED FOSSILS • Petrified fossils form when minerals replace an organism. • Water seeps through the layers of sediment to reach the dead organism. When the water evaporates, only the hardened minerals are left behind.

8. MOLD FOSSIL This mold, or imprint, is of an extinct mollusk called an ammonite. CAST FOSSILThis ammonite cast was discovered in the United Kingdom. MOLDS AND CASTS • A mold forms when hard parts of an organism are buried in sediment, such as sand, silt, or clay. • The hard parts completely dissolve over time, leaving behind a hollow area with the organism’s shape. • A cast forms as the result of a mold. • Water with dissolved minerals and sediment fills the mold’s empty • A cast is the opposite of its mold.

9. Molds and Casts Mold Cast

10. FERN FOSSILThis carbon-film fossil of afern is more than300 million years old. CARBON FILMS • All living things contain an element called carbon. • When an organism dies, eventually, only carbon remains. • The thin layer of carbon left behind can show delicate parts, like leaves on a plant.

11. TRACE FOSSILS • Trace fossils show the activities of organisms. • An animal makes a footprint when it steps in sand or mud. • Over time the footprint is buried in layers of sediment. Then, the sediment becomes solid rock. FANCY FOOTWORKThis dinosaur footprint was found in Namibia, Africa.

12. Tar An organism, such as a mammoth, is trapped in a tar pit and dies. The tar soaks into its bones and stops the bones from decaying. IceAn organism, such as a woolly mammoth, dies in a very cold region. Its body is frozen in ice, which preserves the organism—even its hair! PRESERVED REMAINS Some organisms get preserved in or close to their original states. Here are some ways that can happen. AmberAn organism, such as an insect, is trapped in a tree’s sticky resin and dies. More resin covers it, sealing the insect inside. It hardens into amber.

13. Index Fossils • Index Fossils - Fossils that are widely distributed for a short period of time in the world and are used to tell the relative age of rocks.

14. Index Fossils

15. Relative Age The age based on compared position relative to other rocks – applies to both sedimentary and igneous rocks Absolute Age The number of years since the rock has formed based on radioactive decay of atoms in minerals in Igneous rock and some metamorphic rock Relative Age vs. Absolute Age

16. Law of Superposition • Which layer is the oldest? • Which layer is the youngest?

17. Law of Superposition • In horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, the oldest layer is at the bottom. • Each layer above is younger than the layers below it.

18. Intrusions and Faults • Sometimes an igneous intrusion or fault will cut across or into the rock layers. • The intrusion or fault will always be younger than the rocks being intruded or displaced.

19. Intrusion Fault

20. Unconformity • Unconformity – Erosion causes new rock layers to meet older rock layers. This leads to a “gap in the geologic record” (missing rocks layers and fossils).