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AMERICAN REVOLUTION

AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Period 3 1754-1800 APUSH. Salutary Neglect/Benign (B9) Neglect. British absenteeism Distance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peace Colonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on region Self-government

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AMERICAN REVOLUTION

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  1. AMERICAN REVOLUTION Period 3 1754-1800 APUSH

  2. Salutary Neglect/Benign (B9) Neglect • British absenteeism • Distance between England and America • Political turmoil and relative peace • Colonies virtually on their own • Developed unique economies based on region • Self-government • Still considered themselves as British subjects entitled to same rights and privileges

  3. Britain Exerts More Control • Navigation Acts strengthened • Increased concept of mercantilism • Vice-admiralty courts • Merchant courts, juryless, “corrupt judges” • Board of Trade • Develop mercantilist policies over colonies • Molasses Act (1733) • Tax on non-British import of sugar

  4. Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770 BOSTON MASSACRE IS TO _________ AS ________________ IS TO ___________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Several colonists threw rocks and snowballs at British troops in Boston. The soldiers fired, leaving five colonists dead. The victims were seen as martyrs. The events of the incident were exaggerated for propaganda purposes.

  5. French and Indian War (1754-1763) • England vs. France • Most Natives allied with French • Increased British troop activity in America • Colonists contributed to effort • Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Benjamin Franklin • Results/Consequences • British victory • Acquisition of French Canada and land east of Mississippi • War debt • 72M pounds (1755) • 129M pounds (1764) • British believed morecontrol necessary • Colonial pride

  6. Proclamation of 1763 • Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) • Extensive Native alliance to deter colonists • Purpose • Avoid conflicts • Colonial Reaction • Denial of land

  7. Who SAID THIS? • It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sell us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. Scarcely have we bought a blanket or something else to cover ourselves with before we must think of getting another; and when we wish to set out for our winter camp they do not want to give us any credit as our brothers the French do.

  8. How are the ___ treated by the french? By the English? • When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. From all this you can well see that they are seeking our ruin. Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us: • They are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it.

  9. Based on this speech, do you think Pontiac is pleased with the outcome of the French and Indian War? Why? Prove with evidence • All the nations who are our brothers attack them – why should we not strike too? Are we not men like them? Have I now shown you the wampum belts [beaded belts symbolizing an agreement or treaty] which I received from our great father, the Frenchman [King Louis XV]? He tells us to strike them. Why do we not listen to his words? What do we fear? It is time. • Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa tribe addressing a gathering of Ottawa, Huron, and Potawatomie Indians, May 5, 1763

  10. Preliminary Rebellions • Paxton Boys (1764) • Pennsylvania Scots-Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives • Massacred many • Regulators (1764-1771) • NC frontiersmen upset with eastern corruption

  11. The Enlightenment • The Age of REASON • Laws of Nature applied to society • Deism • “the clockmaker” • Absent of human affairs • Inspired by John Locke • Second Treatise on Government • Philosophes • Voltaire • Individual liberties • Freedom of expression • Montesquieu • Separation of powers • Rousseau • Social Contract • General welfare • Wollstonecraft

  12. British Prime Ministers Believed colonies should foot the bill for wars and defense Encouraged unrestricted development of colonies Robert Walpole 1721-1742 George Grenville 1763-1765 Charles Townshend Chancellor of Exchequer 1766-1767 Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation Supported taxation of the colonies and ran Parliament during Revolution William Pitt 1766-1768 Frederick North 1770-1782

  13. Timeline of Parliamentary Acts • Sugar Act of 1764 • Revenue $$$$ tax • Quartering Act of 1765 • Stamp Act of 1765 • First direct tax • Declaratory Act of 1766 • Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever • Townshend Acts of 1767 • Pay royal colonial officials • Writs of assistance

  14. Timeline of Parliamentary Acts (draw a timeline) • Sugar Act of 1764 • Revenue tax • Quartering Act of 1765 • Stamp Act of 1765 • First direct tax • Declaratory Act of 1766 • Parliament’s right to tax whatsoever • Townshend Acts of 1767 • Pay royal colonial officials • Writs of assistance • Tea Act of 1773 • Support British East India Company • “Intolerable Acts” • Coercive Acts of 1774 • Massachusetts Government Act (royal appointments) • Port Act (Boston closed) • Administration of Justice Act (trial of royal officials moved) • Quebec Act of 1774 • Appointed government; Catholicism recognized • Prohibitory Act of 1775 • Colonies in open rebellion

  15. Parliamentary ActsThe Sugar Act (1764) • Purpose • Increased regulation of colonial trade • Raise revenue for war debt • Lowered tax rate • Sugar, spices, lumber • Vice-admiralty courts • Colonial Reaction • Colonial merchants and shippers • Boycotts • Repealed in 1766

  16. HIPPO This • “The Bostonians paying the excise-man, or tarring and feathering,” Philip Dawe [?], 1774 . This tinted engraving depicts the tarring and feathering of John Malcolm, a Commissioner of Customs, by the Sons of Liberty a little less than a decade after the Stamp Act protests. It also appeared in other versions • The image had multiple meanings for contemporaries. The read it as a larger message, but also took note of the specific symbols and phrases contained within the image.   These symbols and phrases connected to ideas and events that took place during the protests that lead up to the moment of Malcolm's punishment.  

  17. The noose might be a general threat or a symbol that represented the popular use of effigies in protests. • THE LIBERTY TREE • Although it is unclear in this image, the poster, which hangs upside down, says “STAMP ACT.” Hanging the sign upside down may indicate surrender on the part of the British, since there is a tradition that flags are hung upside down to signal surrender. • This outfit identifies the participant as a sailor. The leather apron on the man next to him identifies him as an artisan. Why were they involved? • The liquid used would be distasteful and likely to promote vomiting—possibly vinegar. • The official's costume is the result of TARRING AND FEATHERING. It was a painful and dangerous practice that covered the subject with hot tar, rolled him in chicken feathers, and subjected him to public ridicule. • BOSTON TEA PARTY • Liberty cap on a pole, a symbol of the American Revolution and the SONS OF LIBERTY.

  18. Parliamentary ActsStamp Act (1765) • Purpose • First direct tax • Generate revenue for troops in America • Colonial Reaction • “No taxation without representation.” - James Otis • Stamp Act Congress • Sons and Daughters of Liberty • Committees of Correspondence

  19. James otis—writs of assistance • A man’s house is his castle; and whilst he is quiet, he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ, if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege. Custom-house officers may enter our houses when they please; we are commanded to permit their entry. Their menial servants may enter, may break locks, bars, and everything in their way; and whether they break through malice or revenge, no man, no court may inquire

  20. Parliamentary ActsTownshend Acts (1767) • Purpose • Raise revenue for administration of colonies • Glass, tea, paper, lead, paint • Colonial Reaction (HIPPO) • Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania - John Dickinson • “If they may be legally deprived… of the privilege of legislation, why may they not, with equal reason, be deprived of every other privilege? Or why may not every colony be treated in the same manner, when any of them shall dare to deny their assent to any impositions that shall be directed?” Engraving by Paul Revere, 1768

  21. Boston Massacre (1770)

  22. Boston Tea Party 1773 BOSTON TEA PARTY IS TO ______ AS ________________ IS TO _________ Relating factor: ________________ American Revolution Event organized by colonists disguised as Mohawk "Indians" to sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly; British responded by 1. closing the port of Boston until damages were paid and order was restored; 2. prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act.

  23. Parliamentary ActsTea Act (1773) • Purpose • Support British East India Company • Reaction • Boston Tea Party

  24. Parliamentary Acts“Intolerable” Acts (1774) • Purpose • Boston Port Act • Quartering Act • Administration of Justice Act • Massachusetts Government Act • Quebec Act • Colonial Reaction • Suffolk Resolves • First Continental Congress

  25. Which Side Are You On? Colonies British Empire/Parliament • Fought and died in wars with Natives and European enemies • Risk life and health in a new environment • Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rights • Developed economies which benefit the Empire • Familiar with life in colonies more so than in England • God-given liberty • Provide protection from Natives and Europeans • Benefit exceptionally well from success of British Empire with little contribution • Abide by the rule of law • Colonists as second-class citizens • “virtual representation” • Britons pay 2-3 times taxes than colonists

  26. Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775) • Organization of militia (Minutemen) compels Governor Gage to send 700 British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders and confiscate arms • William Dawes and Paul Revere • 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded at Lexington • “Shot heard ‘round the world” at Concord ()

  27. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) 1774 INTOLERABLE ACTS ARE TO ___________ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; 1. closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, 2. dissolved all town meetings in MA, and 3. appointed British as all government officials.

  28. Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775) British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200 Americans lost 311 Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) Continental Army and Washington Prohibitory Act Declaration of Independence (July 1776) Second Continental Congress

  29. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense • Pamphlet published in January 1776 • Society grows to the point of requiring government with laws and representation • Denounces monarchism and aristocracy • “an island cannot rule a continent” • “America is not English but a mix of peoples” • “distance a problem” • “threat of European wars” • “colonies exploited”

  30. Declaration of Independence (1776) • Applies laws of Nature • People’s right to revolution • “self-evident” • “all men are created equal” • Endowed…with certain unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of happiness” • List of grievances against the British Empire, specifically toward George III • WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

  31. Acts of parliamentNavigation, stamp, intolerable, townsend, declaratoryFrench & indian WarTaxation w/o RepresentationPerversity of KINgColonial EventsBoston MassacreBoston Tea PartyCommittees of Correspondence

  32. America vs. GreatBritain • American Advantages/Tactics • Militia’s guerilla tactics • Familiar with the territory and environment • Prolong the war • Hope for support from Britain’s enemies (France, Spain) • American Disadv. • No well-trained regular army or officers • Insufficient funds and supplies • Small support among population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves) • British Advantages/Tactics • 11 million Britons to America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists) • World’s largest navy • Disciplined and experienced army • Support from Loyalists, Natives, and slaves • Entrenched forts and garrisons in America • British Disadvantages • War debt and war fatigue • American privateers (pirates) hounded British ships • Unpopular home support • Spread thin around the world

  33. Patriots, Loyalists, Neutrals • Patriots (aka Whigs) supported independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) • Advocated independence based on rhetoric and education on rights and liberties • Loyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain • Loyalty to the Crown • Agreed about excess taxes, but against separation • Fear of a possible American victory • Recent British immigrants • Some neutral due to ignorance, apathy, or economic

  34. The War • In the North • Boston under siege and New York captured in 1776 • Battles of Trenton (1776) and Princeton (1777) boosted morale • Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct 1777) • Valley Forge • In the West • An escalation of Natives vs. Expansionists • Natives lost land • Resentment toward pro-British Natives lingers • In the South • British plan to capture Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the North • Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the South as Americans refortified • Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct 1781) • Washington’s army, Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to Cornwallis • British surrender led to American victory

  35. Treaty of Paris (1783) • John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay • British recognition of USA • USA granted all lands east of the Mississippi • Natives left out of the treaty • States applying own interests led to British remaining in Northwest forts • Brand new and bigger nation… What now? Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

  36. Olive Branch Petition 1775 OLIVE BRANCH PETITION IS TO ___ AS ________________ IS TO ____________ Relating factor: ____________________ American Revolution Last stand by the colonists in effort to settle disputes with the British in a peaceful fashion (if you listen to us we'll listen to you); King scoffed at it and wouldn't even look at the petition

  37. A New American Society/Republicanism • Before war, distinction between elites and commoners was visibly evident given the economic success of colonies • Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty regained a sense of egalitarianism within the population • Rights and liberties a central core value • Promote the common good • Merit, not inheritance, defined a man • Against corruption • More and more self-made men participate in political leadership • Despite a new perception, the small upper class retained its status as owners of most of America’s wealth

  38. Women of the Revolution • Upper-class women promoted cause through correspondence • Participated against Stamp Act and Townshend Acts • Spinning bees • Ran households and estates during husband’s absence • Formed campaigns to promote war and funds • Abigail Adams • “…Remember the Ladies.”

  39. Blacks and Slaves of the Revolution • Increased tensions between colonies and Britain inspired slaves to resist • Most slaves sided with British • Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation (1775) • Join to reassert royal authority • 500,000 blacks in America • Only 25,000 were free men • Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of war • Pose as free men • Escape on British ships or to British territories • Participation as Patriots • Early ban • Armies needed support • Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slavery • Quakers led the charge • Slave imports almost eliminated • New opportunities, same discrimination • Free blacks as second-class citizens • Prince Hall and “return to Africa” • Granted civil rights • Slavery as “necessary evil”

  40. Natives of the Revolution • Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out • New land acquisitions led to increased hostilities • Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goods • Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no support

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