Chapter 20

1. Chapter 20 Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861–1865

2. I. The Menace of Secession • Lincoln’s inaugural address • Was firm yet conciliatory, no attack unless attacked • Secession would create new controversies • EG: federal debt, western lands, fugitive slaves

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4. II. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter • Seceding states seized Federal property • Fort Sumter, in Charleston, SC harbor • SC bombards Ft. Sumter. • Lincoln calls for militiamen, blockade of ports • 4 more states ‘rebel’ (succeed)

6. III. Brothers’ Blood and Border Blood • Border states: Union states with slaves • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware • West Virginia -“mountain whites” split from Virginia(1861) • Lincoln used martial law & politics • Official goal = save the Union, not end slavery • Most Indians were Confederate allies

7. POP ESSAY = 50 words in 5 minutes At what point did the Civil War become Inevitable?

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9. IV. The Balance of Forces • Southern (Confederacy) advantages • Could fight defensively behind interior lines • South didn’t have to win, a draw was independence • South fought for self-determination & preservation • More talented officers, southern military culture • Advantages for the North (Union) • Many supplies compared to the South • The economy (farm, factory, & population) • Controlled 75% of wealth and railroads • Controlled the seas (superior navy), more trade

10. IV. The Balance of Forces(What ifs…) • The might-have-beens are fascinating: • If the Border States had seceded. • “Butternut Region” of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois ? • If the uncertain states of the upper Mississippi Valley had turned against the Union. • If a wave of Northern defeatism had demanded an armistice. • And if Britain and/or France had broken the Union’s naval blockade of Southern ports.

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16. V. Dethroning King Cotton • Successful revolutions have foreign intervention • Europe’s aristocracy, wealthy pro-South • Europe’s working class anti-slavery • Why did ‘King Cotton’ fail the South? • Less demand for American cotton • More cotton from Egypt and India • Imported grains from the North important • King Wheat and King Corn more important

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19. VI. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy • Major crisis in Anglo-American (North) relations • Trent affair— • 1861 Union warship stopped British ship (Trent) • Removal of two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe • CSS Alabama (and others) • “British pirate” captured over 60 vessels (1862-1864) • British built CSA ship, CSA officers, manned by Britons • Britain could not remain neutral • Union looked north, talked about grabbing Canada

20. CSS Alabama Ship’s motto – “Help yourself and God will help you”

21. Captain Raphael Semmes and First Lieutenant John Kell aboard CSS Alabama 1863

22. VII. Foreign Flare-ups • Third and final Anglo-American (North) crisis • Laird rams—GB build two CSA ramming warships • North threaten war w/ GB. GB never let South get ships • French-American (North) crisis • French Emperor Napoleon III invades Mexico (1862) • United States gave aid to Mexico • French government collapses (1866)

23. The Execution of Maximilian I by Edouard Manet (1867) First painting, executioners wearing traditional Mexican clothes

24. The Execution of Maximilian I by Edouard Manet (1869) Third and final completed painting, soldiers wearing generic uniforms (possibly French uniforms), man in red cap painted to look like Napoleon III

25. VIII. President Davis Versus President Lincoln • President Davis • Serious talk of impeachment • President Lincoln • Tactful, quiet, patient, yet firm • Forbearance towards South & backbiting colleagues • Able to interpret and lead a fickle public opinion

27. IX. Limitations on Wartime Liberties • During war, Congress usually supports POTUS • Honest Abe usurped Constitutional powers • Lincoln orders blockade • Increased Fed army size • Directed $2 million to military • Suspended writ of habeas corpus • Davis unable to expand his power • Opposition from states’ righters

28. X. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South • Northern armies manned by volunteers (1861-63) • Congress passes first conscription law (1863) • Pay $300 for exemption rights ($5,774 in 2014) • The South relied mainly on volunteers • Started draft as early as 1862 • Exemptions for $, large slaveowners, specific areas

29. NYC Anti-Draft Riots (1863) Poor Irish and Anti-Lincoln forces (Democrats) protested Civil War draft law and attacked blacks and others until federal troops arrived.

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33. XI. The Economic Stresses of War • Northern economies: a lion’s share of the wealth • Excise taxes, income tax, Morrill Tariff Act (1861) • Greenbacks: paper money • Bonds – North netted $2.6 trillion • National Banking System (1863-1913) • Financial landmark of the war • Southern financial woes • Custom duties were cut off by Union blockade • Confederate bonds sold $400 million • Increased taxes , ‘bluebacked’ paper money print • “Runaway inflation” - 9000% inflation rate

35. Bluebacked Confederate money worth 1.6% of face value by April 1865

37. XII. The North’s Economic Boom • New factories, protective by tariffsmushroomed • Manufacturers raked in “the fortunes of war.” • Other industries were humming • Discovery of petroleum (1859) • Homestead Act (1862), caused westward movement • The Civil War was also a women’s war • Women often took men’s jobs as they went to war • U.S. Sanitary Commission trained nurses

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40. XIII. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom • The South fought to the point of exhaustion • Blockade (Atl & Miss R) caused economic suffocation • Loss of wealth (30% in 1860 to 12% in 1870) • Transportation collapsed • Destruction & cannibalism of rails • Northern industry conquered Southern manors