Surrounded by Science and Math Session 1

1. Surrounded by Science and MathSession 1 E-Learning Connections, Inc. Bonnie Goonen Susan K. Pittman-Shetler

2. Objectives • To identify the different elements of science included on the GED Test • To identify and apply different types of teaching strategies • To develop lessons in the areas of earth and space science • To integrate science and math activities in the classroom. • To make science real!

3. Surrounded by Science What is science?

4. Surrounded by Science What Good Is Science?

5. Surrounded by Science “In a world filled with the products of scientific inquiry, scientific literacy has become a necessity for everyone. Everyone needs to use scientific information to make choices that arise every day. National Science Education Standards: An Overview, National Academy of Sciences, 1995)

6. Surrounded by Science GED Science Test (50 Questions) • 20% - Earth and Space Science (11 items) • 35% - Physical Science (Chemistry and Physics - 16 items) • 45% - Life Science (Biology and Health - 23 items) 60% of items include graphics.

7. Surrounded by Science Required Unique Skills Include the Ability to: • Understand patterns of organization • sequence • explanation of a technical process • directions for an experiment • detailed statement of facts • problem-solving • patterns of abbreviations and equations • Understand the difficult technical vocabulary • Use word roots, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of the polysyllabic specialized vocabulary • Understand and retain many important details

8. Surrounded by Science Required Unique Skills Include the Ability to: • Differentiate between fact and opinion • Read and carry out directions • Perform a scientific experiment • Organize ideas, understand relationships, draw appropriate conclusions • Understand cue words (some, a few, many) • Interpret graphs and visual materials • Identify symbols, abbreviations, and formulas • Use reading strategies

9. Surrounded by Science Students have difficulty: • Understanding basic science concepts and vocabulary • Applying understanding to concrete situations • Applying science principles or concepts to a specific context • Interpreting graphs and visual materials • Differentiating between fact and opinion • Reading and carrying out directions • Organizing ideas, understanding relationships, and drawing appropriate conclusions • Applying effective reading comprehension strategies and critical thinking and problem solving techniques Strategy: Investigative Learning

10. Surrounded by Science How is math used in science?

11. Formulas

12. Scientific Notation • Scientists developed a method to make very large  and very small numbers more manageable using coefficients and exponents based on the powers of 10. • 123,000,000,000 is written 1.23x 1011 • 1.23 is the coefficient and 1011 is the exponent or the power of 10. • Very small numbers are written like this 0.00000000804 = 8.04 x 10-9 (negative exponent)

13. Writing Scientific Notation • Put the decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes (do not drop number 1-9 that follow the decimal) • To find the exponent, count the number of places from the decimal to the end of the number. • You try it! • 238,000,000,000 = • 78,000,000 = • 0.000000000097 =

14. Measurement – English Units Length • 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in) • 1 yard (yd) = 3 ft = 36 in • 1 mile (mi) = 5280 ft Time • 1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s) • 1 hour (h) = 60 min • 1 day = 24 h Weight • 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces(oz) • 1 ton = 2000 lb Volume • 1 cup (c) = 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) • 1 pint (pt) = 16 fluid ounces (fl oz) • 1 quart (qt) = 2 pt • 1 gallon (gal) = 4 qt 

15. Metric Prefixes Prefix decimal equivalent exponential equivalent Pico 0.000000000001 10-12 Nano 0.000000001 10-9 Micro 0.000001 10-6 Milli 0.001 10-3 Centi 0.01 10-2 Deci 0.1 10-1 no prefix 1.0 100 Deka 10.0 101 Hecto 100.0 102 Kilo 1000.0 103 Mega 1,000,000. 106 Giga 1,000,000,000. 109

16. Measurement - Metrics Length • 1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeter (mm) • 1 meter (m) = 100 cm • 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m Weight • 1 centigram (cg) = 10 milligram (mg) • 1 gram (g) = 100 cg • 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g Volume • 1 centiliter (cl) = 10 milliliter (ml) • 1 liter (L) = 100 cl • 1 kiloliter (kl) = 1000 L

17. Percents • To find out what percent of one number is of another, divide the part by the whole. • What percent of 150 is 76? • P x 150 = 76 • So, 76 is about 51% of 150 Where do you use percent in science?

18. Graphs, Charts, Tables • You graph in science to show your results – line graphs, scatter plots, spread sheets, bar graphs, charts, tables. • You need to know the difference between the independent variable and dependent variable and use them appropriately in a correct type of graphic.

19. Converting Temperature Scales • Celsius to Fahrenheit • F= (9/5 x C) + 32 • Fahrenheit to Celsius • C = 5/9(F-32) It’s Your Turn!

20. Surrounded by Science Incorporating Math & Science According to the Research

21. Surrounded by Science • Of the 20 fastest growing occupations projected through 2010, 15 of them require substantial math and science preparation (National Bureau of Labor Statistics) • Public opinion calls for better math and science preparation in schools and 85% want this to be a top priority in our states (Bayer Corporation)

22. Surrounded by Science Strategies for Teaching Science

23. Surrounded by Science • Understanding vs. Knowing • What’s the difference? • How do you know you really understand it?

24. Surrounded by Science Real Understanding and Apparent Understanding John Dewey was visiting a class that was studying the structure of the earth. He asked…What would you find if you dug a hole to the center of the earth? The students were silent. You’re asking the wrong question, said the teacher. Turning to the class the teacher asked, What is the state of the center of the earth? In unison the class responded…Igneous fusion.

25. Surrounded by Science Apparent Understanding • Delivery of the right word, the right definition, the correct formula. Real Understanding • using learning in new ways. (Benjamin Bloom) • the ability to think and act flexibly with what one knows. (David Perkins)

26. Surrounded by Science Words, Words, words The vocabulary of science!

27. Surrounded by Science The Water Cycle (a cloze activity) Evaporation, Condensation and Precipitation The ______ evaporates ______ from lakes and oceans. As the air rises, it cools. The water vapor condenses into tiny droplets of _____. The droplets crowd together and form a _____. Wind blows the towards the land. The tiny droplets join together and fall as precipitation to the _____ . The water soaks into the ground and collects in _____ . The _____ that never ends has started again! Use the diagram to identify the different parts of the water cycle.

28. Surrounded by Science Previewing – The Initial Skill to Comprehension of Scientific Text Can you T I P P ?

29. Surrounded by Science During Reading – Can You GIST? 5 Ws and an H Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?

30. Surrounded by Science After Reading – Can You Complete a Narrative Chain? Use the following words in a short paragraph: Water cycle, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection, cumulus, stratus, cirrus, air pressure, air temperature

31. Surrounded by Science Other Teaching Strategies That Work • The 5 Es – Engage, Explore, Explain, Extend, Evaluate • POE – Predict, Observe, Explain • Show relationships to real-world experiences

32. Questions to Guide Scientific Thinking

33. Surrounded by Science Let’s Apply! • Use hands-on demonstrations & experiments to help students “see” science and math concepts at work • Use demos & experiments to help students apply their understanding to new situations • Use resources to examine and/or dispel common misconceptions

34. Surrounded by Science The Scientific Method • Observe - make observations about something in the world. • Hypothesize - try to come to some sense about your observations and formulate a hypothesis or theory for why things are this way. • Test the hypothesis - come up with a method to test the validity of your hypothesis through an experiment that will confirm or deny the hypothesis and based on the results of the test on the hypothesis, either modify the theory or accept it as being likely.

35. Surrounded by Science SCIENTIFIC METHOD State your findings Conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis Design an experiment to test your hypothesis Make a prediction (hypothesis) Identify a problem or question Observe nature carefully

36. Surrounded by Science Sample Problem You arrive home late at night, walk up to your house door, unlock the door, reach in to the light switch just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what?

37. Surrounded by Science You arrive home late at night, walk up to your house door, unlock the door, reach in to the light switch just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what? • Observation: • Question: • Hypothesis: • Prediction: • Experiment: • Analysis: • Decision:

38. Surrounded by Science Let’s Apply! Oil Spill, Clean It Up!

39. Surrounded by Science What to do if the experiment didn't work   • OK, so it happens. But we are prepared! Scientific experimentation is not an exact science (excuse the pun). That's what experimentation is all about. Follow these 5 simple steps if one of the experiments does not work. • Carefully repeat the experiment again • Carefully repeat the experiment again • Carefully repeat the experiment again • Ask the instructor regarding your question/problem with the experiment • Carefully repeat the experiment again • Following these 5 steps will almost always guarantee success. You also get a more precise feel for how a real scientist conducts experimentation.

40. Surrounded by Science Other Teaching Strategies That Work • Tell your students what “Big Ideas” they will be learning • Show relationships to real-world experiences • Start classes with short activity that requires students to access previously learned information or background knowledge • Build into each class meeting, time for students to apply and practice, under your guidance, what they are learning • To get students to read the material and attend to it, use before reading, during reading, and after reading activities to make reading an active process.

41. Surrounded by Science Which is true? • The blood in your veins is blue. • The Earth's proximity to the sun is the reason for the seasons. • Gases expand when they're heated. • Astronauts in space are weightless.

42. Surrounded by Science Earth and Space Science 20%

43. Surrounded by Science • Energy in the Earth system • Geochemical cycles • Origin and evolution of the Earth system • Origin and evolution of the universe

44. Surrounded by Science Tides are the alternate rise and fall of the waters of the oceans. High tide occurs twice a day. Tides are caused primarily by the moon’s gravitational pull on Earth. The sun also contributes to the tides with its gravitational pull. When would high tide be the highest? • when the sun and moon are positioned in a straight line with Earth • when the sun and moon are positioned at right angles to each other • when there is a waxing crescent moon • when there is a waning crescent moon • when the sun has sunspots

45. Surrounded by Science How Can I Teach Science Without a Lab?

46. Surrounded by Science Let’s Apply! Outer Space Myth or Reality?

47. Surrounded by Science Myth or Reality? Why? • The Earth is the largest object in the solar system. • The Earth is the center of the solar system. • Earth and Venus are identical. • Earth and Mars are similar in size. • The Sun is a burning ball of fire. • Spacecraft can land on the surface of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and/or Neptune. • Pluto is the most-distant and last object in the solar system. • Comets are composed of the same material as asteroids. • Meteors are falling stars. • Other stars and galaxies are part of the solar system.

48. Surrounded by Science Let’s Apply! Space Science or is it Space Math?

49. “Humans must rise above the Earth… to the top of the atmosphere and beyond. For only thus will we understand the world in which we live.” Socrates, 400 BC You are here

50. Earth’s Vital Statistics • Circumference at the equator: 40,031 km • Diameter through N-S poles: 12,712 km • Diameter at the equator: 12,755km • Surface area: 509,917,488 km² • Volume: 2,019,609 km³ • Average temperature: Night 32°F (0°C); Day 72°F (22°C) • Fact: any given moment: 2,200 thunderstorms occur on the earth’s surface • Largest to smallest continent: Asia…Africa…North America…South America… Antarctica…Europe…Oceania • Number of countries: 194 +/-