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PHONETICS

PHONETICS. An Introduction to Linguistics. How to ‘write down’ sounds. A transcription system should be consistent and unambiguous. Is English a good transcription system?. What do we use to transcribe the sounds?. IPA International Phonetic Alphabet. An anatomy of articulation.

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PHONETICS

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  1. PHONETICS An Introduction to Linguistics

  2. How to ‘write down’ sounds A transcription system should be consistent and unambiguous.

  3. Is English a good transcription system?

  4. What do we use to transcribe the sounds? • IPA • International Phonetic Alphabet

  5. An anatomy of articulation

  6. CONSONANTS

  7. How to describe consonants

  8. PLACE OF ARTICULATION

  9. labials/bilabials

  10. dentals/interdentals

  11. labiodentals

  12. alveolars

  13. palatals

  14. velars

  15. glottals

  16. Summary: place of articulation

  17. MANNER OF ARTICULATION

  18. Manner of articulation 1

  19. Manner of articulation 2

  20. Manner of articulation (1)

  21. Web Resources • Phonetic flash • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/flash/flashin.htm

  22. How to describe a sound

  23. Exercise 1 • [p]=voiceless bilabial stop • [v]= • [g]= • [z]= • [ʤ]= • [ŋ]=

  24. Exercise 2 • Voiceless interdental fricative= [ ] • Voiced palatal affricate= [ ] • Voiceless alveolar stop= [ ] • Voiceless labiodental fricative = [ ] • Bilabial nasal=[ ] • Voiceless palatal fricative= [ ] • Voiced velar stop= [ ]

  25. VOWELS

  26. How to describe vowels: criteria • Height of tongue • High, mid, low • The part of the tongue is involved • Front, central, back • Position of lips • Rounded, non-rounded • Tense vs. lax

  27. Vowel Chart

  28. How to describe a vowel • [vowel]= • Tense/lax + (Rounded) + High/mid/low + front/back • [æ]= low front vowel • [o]= tense rounded mid back vowel

  29. Suprasegmental features

  30. Length • The contrast of meaning due to length difference • Inherent differences • High vowels are shorter than low vowels • [i] < [æ] • Influenced by the sounds around. • Bead > beat

  31. Tone • The pitch variation that causes the contrast of meaning. • Level tones • A relatively fixed tone • Contour tones • A single syllable produced with tones that glide from one level to another.

  32. Mandarin Chinese: a tone language

  33. Web Resources • Online Intonation • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/oi/oiin.htm • Pitch • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/wtutor?tutorial=pitch

  34. SOUNDS IN INTERACTION

  35. Phonetics vs. phonology

  36. Example • Phonetics • [s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative. • [z] is a voiced alveolar fricative. • Phonology • Cats, dogs • /s/ is pronounced as [s] before a voiceless sound. • /s/ is pronounced as [z] before a voiced sound.

  37. Sounds that contrast • Example • fine/dine; like/bike • Contrast between sounds/segments • [f] and [d] are contrastive sounds

  38. Minimal pairs • Example • beat [bit]/boat [bot]/bat [baet] • lobe [lob]/load [lod] • A pair of words whose contrast lies in only one sound. • The one-sound contrast also causes difference in meaning.

  39. There is a minimal pair. What are the two words?What are the two contrastive sounds? Describe the sounds.

  40. Phonological rules S j huang

  41. Assimilation • A sound becomes more like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.

  42. dissimilation • A sound becomes less like a neighboring sound due to certain phonetic property.

  43. Insertion • A phonemic segment is added to the phonetic form of a word.

  44. deletion • A phonemic segment is deleted at the phonetic level

  45. metathesis • The order of the sounds is changed.

  46. Questions?

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