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Policy of Interventions for Air Pollution Control in Mumbai :

Policy of Interventions for Air Pollution Control in Mumbai : Cost Benefit and Perspective of India’s 25 years of Air Act Implementation. Dr. D.B.Boralkar, Dr. Ajay Deshpande and Dr. Rakesh Kumar. BAQ-2006 MPCB-NEERI.

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Policy of Interventions for Air Pollution Control in Mumbai :

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  1. Policy of Interventions for Air Pollution Control in Mumbai : Cost Benefit and Perspective of India’s 25 years of Air Act Implementation Dr. D.B.Boralkar, Dr. Ajay Deshpande and Dr. Rakesh Kumar BAQ-2006 MPCB-NEERI

  2. MPCB AT A GLANCE • Regulatory authority in the state of Maharashtra • Established in 1969 under a State Act. • Central Air Act in 1981, adopted in 1982. • Head Quarters at Sion, Mumbai. • Central Laboratory at Navi Mumbai. • Regional offices : 11 • Regional Laboratories : 6 • Sub-Regional Offices : 45 • Employees • Technical : 307 • Ministerial : 394

  3. OBJECTIVES OF PRESENTATION • Demonstrate how a mega city, which had gas chamber nomenclature for one of its area called Chembur, has improved its air quality. • Various interventions taken place in last several years • Need for strengthening the air monitoring and reporting mechanism. Mumbai was the first city in India which started air quality monitoring • What is the air quality status today due to various interventions • Need for health based policy formulations for better air Quality planning and implementation

  4. MUMBAI Area: Population: Population density: Vehicles: CAAQMS: 2 Manual AQMS: 3

  5. Yearly Trend of SO2 –NO2 (Mumbai) Mumbai SO2 NO2 No. of Vehicles Approx. 11,25,000 For 2003 These values are registered vehicles: Real numbers on road are different

  6. INDICATORS OF CHANGE Industries Transport Sector • Large scale closure of industries • About 187 air polluting industries left • Use of cleaner fuel (CNG and low S fuel) • Better compliance • Industrial Response • Multifold increase in vehicles • Fuel became cleaner : 500 ppm S, low aromatics etc. • Alternate fuel: CNG/LPG for Taxis/Autos and buses • New technology • Average age of vehicles :3-4 years

  7. INDICATORS OF CHANGE Area Sources • Domestic burning : Better and Cleaner (LPG/PNG) • Bakeries/Crematoria/Incinerators: Poor control • Refuse Burning: Large Scale: distributed sources • Construction practices: Poor practices • Re-suspension Dust • Road-side burning • Leaf/ refuse burning for fuel • Solid waste: not collected • Evaporative Emissions • others

  8. CONCERNS • Congestion increased • Public Transport facilities inadequate • Expensive public transport • Inadequate road space (encroachment, parking) • Incentives for personal mode of transport • Average speed reducing : some places 5km/hr • Others!!! (population) The benefits of reduced air pollution levels may not be sustainable

  9. MAJOR INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY CHANGES Fuel Quality Fuel Change Emission standards (COP –EURO/Bharat) Industrial policy Industrial Fuel Quality Domestic Fuel Quality (LPG/PNG) Availability/ non-availability of electricity ?

  10. VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV(Metros) 2010 Euro-II(Country) Euro-III(7 megacities) 2005 Euro-Iequivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2000/01 2nd set norms notified 1996 Emission norms for catalytic vehicles 1995 1st set norms notified 1990

  11. Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India Gasoline Benzene Reduction Proramme In India No Specifications – Before 1996 April 1996 – 5% June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro) April 2000 -3% in Metro cities April 1995 – Unleaded 4 metros November 2000 -1 % in NCT & Mumbai Jan 1997 -Low leaded Entire Country Feb 2000 - Unleaded Country

  12. DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME April 1996 --Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj April 1997 - - Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj April 1998 -- Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities Jan 2000 --Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Jan 2001 -- Sulphur 0.05% Mumbai Jun 2001 -- Sulphur 0.05% NCR July 2001 -- Sulphur 0.05% Chennai & Kolkatta

  13. ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT • Institutional Mechanism- Coordination & information flow with different State Departments and Central Department are weak and need strengthening. • Air quality Monitoring- few monitoring stations. Need more CAAQMS to collect air quality trends. Industry CAAQMS data not verified, compiled or collated . • Emission inventory - Emission inventoryis not estimated, database for non-point sources not existing , emission factors not available • Source apportionment study- study not conducted, training inadequate, chemical profiles not existing • Health impact study- Few epidemiological studies, no regular collection of hospital data • Air quality initiatives highly biased for Transport sector

  14. INITIATIVES BY MPCB FOR BETTER AIR QUALITY IN MUMBAI • Up gradation of air quality monitoring and reporting • Installation of CAAQMS at 3 locations • Increase in manual AQM from 3 to 12 • Daily publishing of air quality data on website and media • VOC monitoring • CAAQMS • CAAQMS in industries mainly located in one area, propose to distribute them scientifically across city. • Improved validation and operation of CAAQMS

  15. Continued…. • Propose to establish health and air quality epidemiological study initiative • Application of BENMAP for Cost Benefit Analysis • Compilation of all information on air quality studies in the city in CD format • Source Apportionment Study • Emission Inventory Preparation • Source profile studies • Capacity development in air quality prediction

  16. FINALLY • Air quality improvement have taken place in Mumbai • Air quality studies highly biased for Transport sector • Poor quantification and credible reporting • Health based linkages and successes not yet fully known • Many simpler policies may reduce PM emissions to greater extent • Need for health based policy formulations for better air Quality planning and implementation THANKS

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